Developmental Psychology 7-9 percent

Longitudinal

Watching the same group of people for a long time to see how they change.

Cross-Sectional Study

Looking at people of different ages at the same time to see differences.

Cross-Sequential

Testing the same group of people more than once over time.

Secure Attachment

Babies who feel safe exploring, get upset when separated from caregivers, but are easily comforted when they return.

Avoidant (Insecure) Attachment

Babies who explore without much care, don't mind strangers, and ignore or avoid their caregiver when they return.

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

Babies who are clingy and fearful, get upset when separated, and show mixed reactions when the caregiver returns, seeking comfort but then pushing away.

Egocentrism

A child's inability during the preoperational stage to understand perspectives other than their own.

Gender Idenity

Refers to a person's inner sense of being male, female, both, or neither

Gender Roles

Societal expectations dictating behaviors based on gender

Babinski Effect

A reflex in infants where stroking the bottom of their foot causes the big toe to extend upward and the other toes to spread out.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A condition with physical, mental, and emotional problems caused by a mother drinking alcohol while pregnant.

Schema

A mental structure or framework that helps organize and interpret information.

Assimilation

Making new information fit into our existing schemas

Accommodation

Changing what we know (schemas) to fit new information

Object Permanence

The understanding in infants that objects or people still exist even when they are out of sight or reach.

Irreversibility

Refers to a child's difficulty in mentally undoing or reversing a sequence of events or logical steps.

Conservation

Certain characteristics of objects, like quantity or volume, stay the same even when their physical appearance changes.

Permissive Style of Parenting

A laid-back approach to parenting where rules are few and inconsistent, and the parent behaves more like a friend than an authority figure.

Authoritative Style of Parenting

A child-centered approach where parents maintain high expectations for behavior, interact closely with their children, and enforce rules and discipline while providing warmth and support.

Authoritarian Style of Parenting

A strict and controlling approach where rules are enforced with little room for discussion or explanation, emphasizing obedience over warmth and support.