HIST 1020 Burke Exam 2

Industrial Revolution

A period of great change in the means of quantity of production of manufactured goods.

Enclosure Movement

Landowners' pursuit of scientific agriculture that led to the migration of poor people to cities.

Textile Industry

The revolution was centered in this industry, focused on making cloth from plant and animal fibers.

Putting Out System

System that allowed families to produce yarn for extra income at home.

Spinning Wheel

An improvement on the distaff, capable of spinning one yarn at a time.

Flying Shuttle

A human powered loom that sped up the weaving of cloth.

Spinning Jenny

A human powered machine invented by James Hargreaves that allowed the spinning of several threads at once.

Water Power

A transition from human to water power that provided energy for larger machines.

Power Loom

A machine invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 that wove cloth from thread.

Thomas Savery

Inventor of the 'miner’s friend,' a machine that pumped water from deep coal mines.

James Watt

Inventor of the steam engine in 1769 that utilized steam and air pressure to produce power.

Iron Puddling

A process developed by Henry Cort that increased the production of inexpensive iron.

Factory System

A system where factories operated 24/7 using water and steam power.

Luddites

A group of craftsmen who protested industrialization by destroying textile machines.

Peterloo Massacre

An 1819 event where 15 were killed and hundreds injured during a protest in Manchester.

Socialism

A political philosophy advocating for collective ownership and regulation of the means of production.

Marxism

Ideology developed by Karl Marx advocating for class struggle and the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Criollos

Children of Spanish parents born in the colonies, considered socially inferior to Peninsulares.

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan leader who played a pivotal role in the independence of several South American countries.

Jose de San Martin

A Spanish military officer who became a revolutionary leader in Argentina.

Mexican American War

A conflict from 1846 to 1848 resulting in the U.S. annexation of Texas and other territories from Mexico.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of Native Americans from their homelands to designated Indian Territory.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Spanish American War

A 1898 conflict resulting in the US gaining control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.

Opium War

A conflict between Britain and China over the opium trade, leading to the Treaty of Nanjing.

Treaty of Nanjing

The 1842 treaty that ended the First Opium War and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in China (1850-1864) led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing Dynasty.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Powerful leader in China who was behind several emperors during the Qing Dynasty.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreigner uprising in China in 1898, eventually suppressed by foreign powers.

British East India Company

Company that controlled trade in India and gradually became the de facto government.

Sepoy Mutiny

A rebellion of sepoy soldiers against British rule in India in 1857.

Raj

The period of British rule in India from 1858 to 1947.

Meiji Restoration

The period in Japan (1868) when the emperor was restored to power and the country began rapid modernization.

Sino-Japanese War

A conflict between China and Japan (1894-95) over influence in Korea.

Russo-Japanese War

A war (1904-1905) in which Japan defeated Russia, showcasing its new military strength.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid colonization of Africa by European powers between 1870 and 1914.

Berlin Conference

A meeting of European powers in 1884-85 to divide Africa into colonial territories.

Franco-Prussian War

A war (1870-71) that resulted in German unification and territorial losses for France.

Triple Alliance

The military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before WWI.

Triple Entente

The alliance formed between Britain, France, and Russia before WWI.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military strategy to quickly defeat France in the event of a two-front war.

Otto von Bismarck

The German chancellor who was a master diplomat and architect of German unification.

Balkan Wars

Conflicts (1912-1913) that characterized the tensions leading up to WWI.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination in 1914 sparked the outbreak of World War I.

Great War

The term used for World War I, emphasizing its scale and the changes it brought to global civilization.

Trench Warfare

A type of combat in WWI where soldiers fought from deep trenches.

Dulce et Decorum Est

A poem by Wilfred Owen that critiques the glorification of war.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 treaty that officially ended WWI and imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 uprising in Russia that led to the establishment of a communist government.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The peace treaty between Russia and Germany in 1918 that ended Russia’s involvement in WWI.

American Expeditionary Force

The US military force that fought in Europe during WWI, particularly during the final offensives.

Spanish Influenza Pandemic

A deadly pandemic that spread globally in 1918-1920, affecting soldiers and civilians alike.

Rasputin

A mystic and advisor to the Romanov family, whose influence contributed to the fall of the tsar.

'Guilt Clause' (Clause 231)

Part of the Treaty of Versailles that forced Germany to accept responsibility for WWI.

Cecil Rhodes

A British imperialist whose projects in Africa focused on railroads and diamond mining.

King Leopold II of Belgium

His rule over the Congo resulted in exploitation and harsh treatment of the local population.

David Livingstone

Missionary and explorer noted for his travels in Africa and efforts to end the slave trade.

Henry Morton Stanley

Journalist known for finding Livingstone and for his expeditions in Africa.

Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Leader who sought to modernize Egypt and establish its industrial identity.

Suez Canal

A significant waterway in Egypt that opened in 1869, connecting the Mediterranean and Red Sea.

Cultural Imperialism

The practice of promoting one culture over others, often during colonization.

Duma

The legislative body in the Russian Empire created after the 1905 Revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French leader whose actions sparked independence movements in Latin America.

First Battle of the Marne

Fought from September 6-12, 1914; marked the beginning of trench warfare as soldiers dug in to hold their ground.

First Battle of Ypres

Took place from October 19 to November 22, 1914; aimed to control the strategic port of Ypres.

Second Battle of Ypres

Occurring from April 22 to May 25, 1915; notable for the first large-scale use of poison gas by German forces.

Siege of Verdun

Lasted from February 21 to December 18, 1916; one of the longest and costliest battles of WWI.

Battle of the Somme

Fought between July 1 and November 18, 1916; known for over 1 million casualties, it was one of the bloodiest battles in history.

Battle of Passchendaele

Took place from July 31 to November 10, 1917; infamous for the horrific conditions and substantial losses.

100 Days Offensive

Lasted from August 9 to November 11, 1918; this series of attacks resulted in over 2.2 million casualties and led to an armistice.

Balkan Conflicts (1908-1913)

A series of conflicts in the Balkans involving territorial disputes and ethnic tensions among Balkan states.

Austria-Hungary Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (1908)

The annexation caused tensions in the region, especially between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, backed by Russia.

Bosnian Crisis (1908)

A diplomatic crisis where Germany threatened military action against Russia, escalating tensions in the Balkans.

First Balkan War (1912)

A conflict where Balkan states banded together to drive the Ottoman Empire out of the Balkans.

Second Balkan War (1913)

A conflict among Balkan states after the First Balkan War, primarily over territorial disputes.

Ethnic Hatred in the Balkans

Long-standing ethnic and religious tensions between Christians and Muslims in the region, exacerbated by conflict.

Role of European Nations in Balkan Wars

European powers attempted to limit the conflict's spread and maintain balance in the region.