HIST 1020 Burke Exam 2

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77 Terms

1
Industrial Revolution
A period of great change in the means of quantity of production of manufactured goods.
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2
Enclosure Movement
Landowners' pursuit of scientific agriculture that led to the migration of poor people to cities.
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3
Textile Industry
The revolution was centered in this industry, focused on making cloth from plant and animal fibers.
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4
Putting Out System
System that allowed families to produce yarn for extra income at home.
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5
Spinning Wheel
An improvement on the distaff, capable of spinning one yarn at a time.
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6
Flying Shuttle
A human powered loom that sped up the weaving of cloth.
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7
Spinning Jenny
A human powered machine invented by James Hargreaves that allowed the spinning of several threads at once.
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8
Water Power
A transition from human to water power that provided energy for larger machines.
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9
Power Loom
A machine invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 that wove cloth from thread.
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10
Thomas Savery
Inventor of the 'miner’s friend,' a machine that pumped water from deep coal mines.
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11
James Watt
Inventor of the steam engine in 1769 that utilized steam and air pressure to produce power.
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12
Iron Puddling
A process developed by Henry Cort that increased the production of inexpensive iron.
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13
Factory System
A system where factories operated 24/7 using water and steam power.
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14
Luddites
A group of craftsmen who protested industrialization by destroying textile machines.
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15
Peterloo Massacre
An 1819 event where 15 were killed and hundreds injured during a protest in Manchester.
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16
Socialism
A political philosophy advocating for collective ownership and regulation of the means of production.
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17
Marxism
Ideology developed by Karl Marx advocating for class struggle and the dictatorship of the proletariat.
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18
Criollos
Children of Spanish parents born in the colonies, considered socially inferior to Peninsulares.
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19
Simon Bolivar
A Venezuelan leader who played a pivotal role in the independence of several South American countries.
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20
Jose de San Martin
A Spanish military officer who became a revolutionary leader in Argentina.
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21
Mexican American War
A conflict from 1846 to 1848 resulting in the U.S. annexation of Texas and other territories from Mexico.
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22
Trail of Tears
The forced removal of Native Americans from their homelands to designated Indian Territory.
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23
Manifest Destiny
The belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.
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24
Spanish American War
A 1898 conflict resulting in the US gaining control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.
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25
Opium War
A conflict between Britain and China over the opium trade, leading to the Treaty of Nanjing.
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26
Treaty of Nanjing
The 1842 treaty that ended the First Opium War and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.
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27
Taiping Rebellion
A massive civil war in China (1850-1864) led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing Dynasty.
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28
Empress Dowager Cixi
Powerful leader in China who was behind several emperors during the Qing Dynasty.
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29
Boxer Rebellion
An anti-foreigner uprising in China in 1898, eventually suppressed by foreign powers.
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30
British East India Company
Company that controlled trade in India and gradually became the de facto government.
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31
Sepoy Mutiny
A rebellion of sepoy soldiers against British rule in India in 1857.
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32
Raj
The period of British rule in India from 1858 to 1947.
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33
Meiji Restoration
The period in Japan (1868) when the emperor was restored to power and the country began rapid modernization.
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34
Sino-Japanese War
A conflict between China and Japan (1894-95) over influence in Korea.
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35
Russo-Japanese War
A war (1904-1905) in which Japan defeated Russia, showcasing its new military strength.
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36
Scramble for Africa
The rapid colonization of Africa by European powers between 1870 and 1914.
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37
Berlin Conference
A meeting of European powers in 1884-85 to divide Africa into colonial territories.
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38
Franco-Prussian War
A war (1870-71) that resulted in German unification and territorial losses for France.
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39
Triple Alliance
The military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before WWI.
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40
Triple Entente
The alliance formed between Britain, France, and Russia before WWI.
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41
Schlieffen Plan
Germany's military strategy to quickly defeat France in the event of a two-front war.
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42
Otto von Bismarck
The German chancellor who was a master diplomat and architect of German unification.
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43
Balkan Wars
Conflicts (1912-1913) that characterized the tensions leading up to WWI.
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44
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
His assassination in 1914 sparked the outbreak of World War I.
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45
Great War
The term used for World War I, emphasizing its scale and the changes it brought to global civilization.
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46
Trench Warfare
A type of combat in WWI where soldiers fought from deep trenches.
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47
Dulce et Decorum Est
A poem by Wilfred Owen that critiques the glorification of war.
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48
Treaty of Versailles
The 1919 treaty that officially ended WWI and imposed heavy reparations on Germany.
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49
Bolshevik Revolution
The 1917 uprising in Russia that led to the establishment of a communist government.
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50
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The peace treaty between Russia and Germany in 1918 that ended Russia’s involvement in WWI.
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51
American Expeditionary Force
The US military force that fought in Europe during WWI, particularly during the final offensives.
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52
Spanish Influenza Pandemic
A deadly pandemic that spread globally in 1918-1920, affecting soldiers and civilians alike.
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53
Rasputin
A mystic and advisor to the Romanov family, whose influence contributed to the fall of the tsar.
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54
'Guilt Clause' (Clause 231)
Part of the Treaty of Versailles that forced Germany to accept responsibility for WWI.
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55
Cecil Rhodes
A British imperialist whose projects in Africa focused on railroads and diamond mining.
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56
King Leopold II of Belgium
His rule over the Congo resulted in exploitation and harsh treatment of the local population.
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57
David Livingstone
Missionary and explorer noted for his travels in Africa and efforts to end the slave trade.
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58
Henry Morton Stanley
Journalist known for finding Livingstone and for his expeditions in Africa.
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59
Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Leader who sought to modernize Egypt and establish its industrial identity.
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60
Suez Canal
A significant waterway in Egypt that opened in 1869, connecting the Mediterranean and Red Sea.
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61
Cultural Imperialism
The practice of promoting one culture over others, often during colonization.
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62
Duma
The legislative body in the Russian Empire created after the 1905 Revolution.
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63
Napoleon Bonaparte
French leader whose actions sparked independence movements in Latin America.
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64

First Battle of the Marne

Fought from September 6-12, 1914; marked the beginning of trench warfare as soldiers dug in to hold their ground.

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65

First Battle of Ypres

Took place from October 19 to November 22, 1914; aimed to control the strategic port of Ypres.

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66

Second Battle of Ypres

Occurring from April 22 to May 25, 1915; notable for the first large-scale use of poison gas by German forces.

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67

Siege of Verdun

Lasted from February 21 to December 18, 1916; one of the longest and costliest battles of WWI.

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68

Battle of the Somme

Fought between July 1 and November 18, 1916; known for over 1 million casualties, it was one of the bloodiest battles in history.

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69

Battle of Passchendaele

Took place from July 31 to November 10, 1917; infamous for the horrific conditions and substantial losses.

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70

100 Days Offensive

Lasted from August 9 to November 11, 1918; this series of attacks resulted in over 2.2 million casualties and led to an armistice.

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71

Balkan Conflicts (1908-1913)

A series of conflicts in the Balkans involving territorial disputes and ethnic tensions among Balkan states.

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72

Austria-Hungary Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (1908)

The annexation caused tensions in the region, especially between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, backed by Russia.

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73

Bosnian Crisis (1908)

A diplomatic crisis where Germany threatened military action against Russia, escalating tensions in the Balkans.

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74

First Balkan War (1912)

A conflict where Balkan states banded together to drive the Ottoman Empire out of the Balkans.

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75

Second Balkan War (1913)

A conflict among Balkan states after the First Balkan War, primarily over territorial disputes.

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76

Ethnic Hatred in the Balkans

Long-standing ethnic and religious tensions between Christians and Muslims in the region, exacerbated by conflict.

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77

Role of European Nations in Balkan Wars

European powers attempted to limit the conflict's spread and maintain balance in the region.

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