Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

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1
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who did the idea of motion and matter come from before 16th century

Aristotle and church theology

2
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why was there so much knowledge in the Muslim world

because of the interactions of many because o religious tolerance and common languabe

3
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where did Muslims study

at madrasas, institutions of higher learning

4
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where were madrasas and what was their focus

tehy were in Constantinople, morrroco and Chiro and they were devoted to islamic theology and law

5
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what were some notable inventions of Muslim before the 16th century

algebra, algorithms decimal point notations,

6
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what did ibn al hastham do

revolutionized optics when he found that light travels in straight lines

7
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muslims focused on most areas of science except

the natural sciences

8
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when did these ideas begin to spread

with the increase of trade, European scholars traveled to the islam world to study and translated those texts into latin and created their own universities with artstotic dominated curriculum

9
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what fields were considered to be less prestigious and why

math, astronomy and philosophy as they didn't help with undrsantind of world

10
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natural philosophy

based in Aristotles ideas, questions about physical nature of universe and how it functions

11
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What did Thomas Aquinas do?

combined the ideas of Aristotle with christians ideas

12
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what were the four main beliefs of Aristotle?

  1. earth was motionless at center of universe

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  1. their is a difference between world of celestial spheres and subplanar (earth)

14
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  1. spheres have a 5th essence

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  1. earth has 4 elements, fire water air and earth

16
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who moved the 10 spheres in aristtoles theory

angels moved them

17
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why can't the 10 sphere theory work

the planets seems to move backwards

18
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what did ptolemy believe

planets move in small circles (epicycles) that move along a larger circle known as deferent

19
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what did ptolemy write

geography, displayed round earth with altitude marks

20
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only had Europe Africa and Asia

21
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what did the addition of experimentation do

it allowed for a better understanding of the world

22
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where did the copernican hypothesis place the sun

at the center of the universe

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what book did Copernicus write about his hypothesis

the revolutions of the heavenly spheres

24
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what did the copernican hypothesis say about stars

it placed them at rest

25
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what did Copernican hypothesis state about size of universe

suggested it was large

26
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what did the copernican hypothesis challenge

hierarchy of disciplines and Aristotelian physics as it showed that the world isn't different from other planets

27
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at what point did the Catholic Church declare Copernicus theory false

when Galileo tried to support it

28
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why did protestants reject Copernicus's hypothesis more strongly than catholics

catholicism doesn't call for a literal interpretation of the Bible whilst protestantism does

29
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what was further evidence that the spheres theory was false

a new star appeared and a comet cut through what would have been one of the spheres

30
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who funded Brache

the danish king and HRE Rudolph II funded his observatory

31
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what did Brache Believe?

all planets except the earth revolved around the sun, sun and the other planets revolved around earth

32
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what were Keplers three laws

orbits of planets about the sun are elliptical

33
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planets dont move at uniform speed, faster when the planet is closer to the sun

34
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time a planet takes to orbit relates to distance from sun

35
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what is Keplers third idea close to

universal gravitation

36
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what did he derive his first idea from

through data from mars

37
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what did Kepler write that combined his and braches work

rudolphine tables

38
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wahrt did galileo Galilei find and what did he figure that our from

he measured the movement of a rolling ball and showed that uniform force (gravity) created universal acceleration, also the object continues in motion forever unless stopped (law of inertia)

39
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what did Galileo find form the telescope he made. himself

moon has craters and their are four moons of Jupiter

40
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what book did newton publish

Matmetical Principles of Natural Philosophy

41
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what was the law of universe gravitation

everything in the universe attracts everything else in precise relationship and the force of attraction is proportional to quantity of matter in objects and inversely proportional to square of distance between them

42
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which country pioerneed in efforts for geographic knowledge

the spanish

43
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how did Spain pioneer in effort for geographic knowledge

sponsored expeditions for specimens and info, found discoveries in botany zoology cartography and metallurgy

44
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who was Francisco Hernandez and what did he do

he was the personal physician of Phillip II and he illustrated plants in americas that were unknown in Europe as well as interviewing local healers about medicinal properties of plants

45
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who was carl Linnaeus

he was a Swedish teacher who encouraged student to explore and used his obsercations to create formal system of naming and classifying living organisms

46
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where did countries other than Spain study foreign plants

In royal laboratories

47
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what was the idea of occult

believe that some objects possessed power over others (like metal and iron)

48
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what influenced Kepler

astrology, he was a magisicion

49
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what did Kepler credit to music

he believed in cosmic harmonies and credited elliptical movement to music

50
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what did newton believe

that gravity was a result of god creations and that base metals could turn to gold `

51
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how did magic influence ideas of science

astronomy though to to have affect on earth

52
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who was Francis bacon

the lord chancellor under James I

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what did bacon do

the process of inductive reasoning, inquiry through direct observation in this scientific observations lead to broader theories

54
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what did the followers of bacon create

the royal society

55
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what did Descartes see

the link between geometry and algebra, known as anyalitc geometry

56
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what did Descartes theorize about matter

matter is made of tinny particles known as corpuscles

57
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what did Descartes th8ink about quantity of motion

it is constant in the universe

58
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what did Descartes think about the idea of space and empty space

he didnt think empty space was possible, space identical to matter

59
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what did Descartes envision the universe as

everything is matter and mind, believed in purpose of people and that speculation leads to truths of creation

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cartesian dualism

Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.

61
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what did Galen believe about the body

that it contains 4 humors: blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile

62
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paracelsus

he used chemicals to address chemical imbalances

63
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under Galens theory what did illness result from

imbalance of humors

64
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who was Vesalius

disected humans

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what did Vesalius publish

published on the structure of the human body

66
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who was Harvey

he was the English royal physician

67
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what did Harvey do

he discovered the circulation of blood

68
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what did Boyle do

he created the royal society in England

69
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what did Boyle disprove and hypothesize

he disproved idea that vacuum didnt exist but hypothesized that chemical substances were comprised of tiny particles

70
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how did people consider science in relation to god

their work contributed to gods glory rather than undermine god

71
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what did Old Testament religion believe about heliocenterism

it threatened the place of mankind that was stated in genesis

72
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what types of authors were played on the banned list

Copernicus and supporters

73
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when did Galileo show his true views

he waited until the role of pope urban III who was sympathetic

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what did Galileo write

Dialogue on the Two Chief systems Of World

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how did Galileos writing go too far

it defended Copernicus and discredited Aristotle

76
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what did Galileo do when tried for heresy

he renounced his ideas

77
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what types and which countries became "pro science"

Netherlands Denmark and England that are Protestants countries

78
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what was the new social group called

the scientfic community

79
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how did state become involved in science

science became tied to the state and its agenda and state academies of science were created

80
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how did scientific revolution come to affect masses of people

through artisans use of experimentation it was able to affect common people

81
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what was the effect of revolution on women

it became harder for women to learn as most of the learning became happening in universities where they weren't allowed

82
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what jobs were open for women in science

wax model makers and zoological illustrators

83
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Who was Maria Sibylla Merian?

She was an important entomologist (insects and plants).

84
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what was the main way women were able to be involved

through salons, wrote treaties and participated in experiments

85
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who we're the main women contributors in England and what did they do

Cavendish, Conway and Astell contributed to debates about Descartes mind-body dualism

86
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who did Descartes correspond with (female)

Elizabeth of Bohemia

87
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rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

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OR a secular critical way of thinking

89
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when did the European enlightenment really develop

around 1750

90
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where did the eruoepan enlightenment originate from

opposition to absolutism, religious conflict, expansion and scientific revolution

91
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what did people in dutch republic do before enlightenment

the hugenuounts denounced religious intolerance and suggested need for legitimate rulers

92
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who was Pierre Bayle

he was a Huguenot who examined religious beliefs and protections

93
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what did Pierre bayle write

Historical and Critical Dictionary, nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt

94
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who was baruch Spinoza

a jew who believed that mind and body are united and that god and nature are the same thing

95
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what kind of universe did Baruch Spinoza envision

universe in which good and evil are relative, human actions are influenced by circumstances not free will

96
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who is Gottfried William von Leibniz

he developed calculus and adopted the idea of monads, substance from which matter is composed

97
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what was gottrried Wilhelm von Leibniz's idea

theodicy, our world must be the best because it is created by god

98
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in what did Voltaire ridicule Wilhelm von Leibniz

Candide of optimism

99
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who was John Locke

he set forth theory that humans learn from ideas and the idea of sensationalism which says that human though are a result of sensory impressions

100
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what did John Locke write (2)

essay concerning human understanding, all ideas evolve from experience