Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
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246 Terms
who did the idea of motion and matter come from before 16th century
Aristotle and church theology
why was there so much knowledge in the Muslim world
because of the interactions of many because o religious tolerance and common languabe
where did Muslims study
at madrasas, institutions of higher learning
where were madrasas and what was their focus
tehy were in Constantinople, morrroco and Chiro and they were devoted to islamic theology and law
what were some notable inventions of Muslim before the 16th century
algebra, algorithms decimal point notations,
what did ibn al hastham do
revolutionized optics when he found that light travels in straight lines
muslims focused on most areas of science except
the natural sciences
when did these ideas begin to spread
with the increase of trade, European scholars traveled to the islam world to study and translated those texts into latin and created their own universities with artstotic dominated curriculum
what fields were considered to be less prestigious and why
math, astronomy and philosophy as they didn't help with undrsantind of world
natural philosophy
based in Aristotles ideas, questions about physical nature of universe and how it functions
What did Thomas Aquinas do?
combined the ideas of Aristotle with christians ideas
what were the four main beliefs of Aristotle?
earth was motionless at center of universe
their is a difference between world of celestial spheres and subplanar (earth)
spheres have a 5th essence
earth has 4 elements, fire water air and earth
who moved the 10 spheres in aristtoles theory
angels moved them
why can't the 10 sphere theory work
the planets seems to move backwards
what did ptolemy believe
planets move in small circles (epicycles) that move along a larger circle known as deferent
what did ptolemy write
geography, displayed round earth with altitude marks
only had Europe Africa and Asia
what did the addition of experimentation do
it allowed for a better understanding of the world
where did the copernican hypothesis place the sun
at the center of the universe
what book did Copernicus write about his hypothesis
the revolutions of the heavenly spheres
what did the copernican hypothesis say about stars
it placed them at rest
what did Copernican hypothesis state about size of universe
suggested it was large
what did the copernican hypothesis challenge
hierarchy of disciplines and Aristotelian physics as it showed that the world isn't different from other planets
at what point did the Catholic Church declare Copernicus theory false
when Galileo tried to support it
why did protestants reject Copernicus's hypothesis more strongly than catholics
catholicism doesn't call for a literal interpretation of the Bible whilst protestantism does
what was further evidence that the spheres theory was false
a new star appeared and a comet cut through what would have been one of the spheres
who funded Brache
the danish king and HRE Rudolph II funded his observatory
what did Brache Believe?
all planets except the earth revolved around the sun, sun and the other planets revolved around earth
what were Keplers three laws
orbits of planets about the sun are elliptical
planets dont move at uniform speed, faster when the planet is closer to the sun
time a planet takes to orbit relates to distance from sun
what is Keplers third idea close to
universal gravitation
what did he derive his first idea from
through data from mars
what did Kepler write that combined his and braches work
rudolphine tables
wahrt did galileo Galilei find and what did he figure that our from
he measured the movement of a rolling ball and showed that uniform force (gravity) created universal acceleration, also the object continues in motion forever unless stopped (law of inertia)
what did Galileo find form the telescope he made. himself
moon has craters and their are four moons of Jupiter
what book did newton publish
Matmetical Principles of Natural Philosophy
what was the law of universe gravitation
everything in the universe attracts everything else in precise relationship and the force of attraction is proportional to quantity of matter in objects and inversely proportional to square of distance between them
which country pioerneed in efforts for geographic knowledge
the spanish
how did Spain pioneer in effort for geographic knowledge
sponsored expeditions for specimens and info, found discoveries in botany zoology cartography and metallurgy
who was Francisco Hernandez and what did he do
he was the personal physician of Phillip II and he illustrated plants in americas that were unknown in Europe as well as interviewing local healers about medicinal properties of plants
who was carl Linnaeus
he was a Swedish teacher who encouraged student to explore and used his obsercations to create formal system of naming and classifying living organisms
where did countries other than Spain study foreign plants
In royal laboratories
what was the idea of occult
believe that some objects possessed power over others (like metal and iron)
what influenced Kepler
astrology, he was a magisicion
what did Kepler credit to music
he believed in cosmic harmonies and credited elliptical movement to music
what did newton believe
that gravity was a result of god creations and that base metals could turn to gold `
how did magic influence ideas of science
astronomy though to to have affect on earth
who was Francis bacon
the lord chancellor under James I
what did bacon do
the process of inductive reasoning, inquiry through direct observation in this scientific observations lead to broader theories
what did the followers of bacon create
the royal society
what did Descartes see
the link between geometry and algebra, known as anyalitc geometry
what did Descartes theorize about matter
matter is made of tinny particles known as corpuscles
what did Descartes th8ink about quantity of motion
it is constant in the universe
what did Descartes think about the idea of space and empty space
he didnt think empty space was possible, space identical to matter
what did Descartes envision the universe as
everything is matter and mind, believed in purpose of people and that speculation leads to truths of creation
cartesian dualism
Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
what did Galen believe about the body
that it contains 4 humors: blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile
paracelsus
he used chemicals to address chemical imbalances
under Galens theory what did illness result from
imbalance of humors
who was Vesalius
disected humans
what did Vesalius publish
published on the structure of the human body
who was Harvey
he was the English royal physician
what did Harvey do
he discovered the circulation of blood
what did Boyle do
he created the royal society in England
what did Boyle disprove and hypothesize
he disproved idea that vacuum didnt exist but hypothesized that chemical substances were comprised of tiny particles
how did people consider science in relation to god
their work contributed to gods glory rather than undermine god
what did Old Testament religion believe about heliocenterism
it threatened the place of mankind that was stated in genesis
what types of authors were played on the banned list
Copernicus and supporters
when did Galileo show his true views
he waited until the role of pope urban III who was sympathetic
what did Galileo write
Dialogue on the Two Chief systems Of World
how did Galileos writing go too far
it defended Copernicus and discredited Aristotle
what did Galileo do when tried for heresy
he renounced his ideas
what types and which countries became "pro science"
Netherlands Denmark and England that are Protestants countries
what was the new social group called
the scientfic community
how did state become involved in science
science became tied to the state and its agenda and state academies of science were created
how did scientific revolution come to affect masses of people
through artisans use of experimentation it was able to affect common people
what was the effect of revolution on women
it became harder for women to learn as most of the learning became happening in universities where they weren't allowed
what jobs were open for women in science
wax model makers and zoological illustrators
Who was Maria Sibylla Merian?
She was an important entomologist (insects and plants).
what was the main way women were able to be involved
through salons, wrote treaties and participated in experiments
who we're the main women contributors in England and what did they do
Cavendish, Conway and Astell contributed to debates about Descartes mind-body dualism
who did Descartes correspond with (female)
Elizabeth of Bohemia
rationalism
A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
OR a secular critical way of thinking
when did the European enlightenment really develop
around 1750
where did the eruoepan enlightenment originate from
opposition to absolutism, religious conflict, expansion and scientific revolution
what did people in dutch republic do before enlightenment
the hugenuounts denounced religious intolerance and suggested need for legitimate rulers
who was Pierre Bayle
he was a Huguenot who examined religious beliefs and protections
what did Pierre bayle write
Historical and Critical Dictionary, nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt
who was baruch Spinoza
a jew who believed that mind and body are united and that god and nature are the same thing
what kind of universe did Baruch Spinoza envision
universe in which good and evil are relative, human actions are influenced by circumstances not free will
who is Gottfried William von Leibniz
he developed calculus and adopted the idea of monads, substance from which matter is composed
what was gottrried Wilhelm von Leibniz's idea
theodicy, our world must be the best because it is created by god
in what did Voltaire ridicule Wilhelm von Leibniz
Candide of optimism
who was John Locke
he set forth theory that humans learn from ideas and the idea of sensationalism which says that human though are a result of sensory impressions
what did John Locke write (2)
essay concerning human understanding, all ideas evolve from experience