ch. 20-22 (USE THIS ONE)

Pathogens enter the CNS through __.

trauma, bloodstream, or along peripheral nerves.

The purpose of a lumbar puncture is __.

To collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnosing CNS infections.

The CNS is normally __.

sterile.

Encephalitis is defined as __.

Inflammation/infection of the brain.

The tetanus vaccine protects against __.

the tetanospasmin toxin, which blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters causing spastic paralysis.

Poliovirus is transmitted via __.

the fecal-oral route.

Rabies spreads in the body from __.

bite site to CNS via peripheral nerves.

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is a __.

fatal prion disease causing brain degeneration.

Mushroom toxins are __.

fungal poisons causing organ failure or neurological issues.

Arteries are vessels that carry blood __.

away from the heart.

Lymphangitis is __.

inflammation of lymph vessels, often visible as red streaks.

Bacteremia refers to __.

the presence of bacteria in the blood.

Septicemia is a __.

toxic, systemic infection caused by multiplying pathogens in the blood.

Toxic Shock Syndrome is a __.

severe complication of septicemia causing fever, low BP, and organ failure.

Symptoms of endocarditis include __.

fever, fatigue, heart murmur, emboli.

Lyme disease is caused by __.

Borrelia burgdorferi via tick bite.

Cytomegalovirus can have __ effects on babies.

teratogenic effects like deafness, blindness, mental retardation.

The life cycle of the Anopheles mosquito involves __.

both human (liver/blood) and mosquito stages.

Ebola is endemic in __.

Central and West Africa.

The organs of the upper respiratory tract are __.

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.

An opportunistic pathogen in the nasal cavity is __.

Staphylococcus aureus.

Streptokinase is a virulence factor that allows Group A Streptococci to __.

break clots.

Streptolysins are responsible for __.

breaking red blood cells.

Pathogenic and non-pathogenic streptococci differ in that pathogenic strains have __.

more virulence factors like M protein and toxins.

The diphtheria toxin works by __.

blocking protein synthesis, killing cells.

Symptoms in diphtheria are caused by __.

the diphtheria toxin.

Cold viruses can spread via __.

fomites.

The capsule of S. pneumoniae helps it by __.

preventing phagocytosis.

Most pneumonia cases are caused by __.

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Primary atypical pneumonia is caused by __.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

The pathogenesis of tuberculosis involves __.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis being engulfed by macrophages but surviving.

The DTaP vaccine is used for __.

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis.

Inhalational anthrax is deadly because __.

toxins cause hemorrhaging and necrosis in lungs.

Flu symptoms include __.

fever, cough, body aches, fatigue.

A virulence factor of M. pneumoniae is __.

adhesin proteins for attachment to respiratory cells.

A virulence factor of M. tuberculosis is __.

mycolic acid in the cell wall preventing destruction in phagocytes.

AIDS diagnostic complications may arise due to __.

opportunistic infections that may confuse diagnosis.

A positive TB skin test can occur from __ aside from infection.

BCG vaccination.

The causative agent of Otitis Media is __.

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

There is normal flora in the upper respiratory tract, including __.

S. aureus and Streptococcus species.