ch. 20-22 (USE THIS ONE)

🧠 Chapter 20: Nervous System Infections

Q: How do pathogens enter the CNS?
A: Through trauma, bloodstream, or along peripheral nerves.

Q: What is the purpose of a lumbar puncture?
A: To collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnosing CNS infections.

Q: Does the CNS have normal microbiota?
A: No, it’s normally sterile.

Q: What is encephalitis?
A: Inflammation/infection of the brain.

Q: What does the tetanus vaccine protect against?
A: The tetanospasmin toxin, which blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters causing spastic paralysis.

Q: How is poliovirus transmitted?
A: Fecal-oral route.

Q: How does rabies spread in the body?
A: From bite site to CNS via peripheral nerves; can infect most mammals.

Q: What is Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)?
A: A fatal prion disease causing brain degeneration.

Q: What are mushroom toxins?
A: Fungal poisons causing organ failure or neurological issues.

❤ Chapter 21: Cardiovascular & Systemic Infections

Q: Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?
A: Arteries.

Q: What is lymphangitis?
A: Inflammation of lymph vessels, often visible as red streaks.

Q: What is bacteremia?
A: Presence of bacteria in the blood.

Q: What is septicemia?
A: A toxic, systemic infection caused by multiplying pathogens in the blood.

Q: What is Toxic Shock Syndrome?
A: A severe complication of septicemia causing fever, low BP, and organ failure.

Q: What are symptoms of endocarditis?
A: Fever, fatigue, heart murmur, emboli.

Q: What causes Lyme disease and how?
A: Borrelia burgdorferi via tick bite; spreads systemically causing rash, arthritis.

Q: What effects does Cytomegalovirus have on babies?
A: Teratogenic effects like deafness, blindness, mental retardation.

Q: What is the life cycle of the Anopheles mosquito (malaria vector)?
A: Involves both human (liver/blood) and mosquito stages.

Q: Where is Ebola endemic?
A: Central and West Africa.

😷 Chapter 22: Respiratory Infections

Q: What are the organs of the upper respiratory tract?
A: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.

Q: What opportunistic pathogen lives in the nasal cavity?
A: Staphylococcus aureus.

Q: What virulence factor allows Group A Streptococci to break clots?
A: Streptokinase.

Q: What factor allows streptococci to break red blood cells?
A: Streptolysins.

Q: How do pathogenic and non-pathogenic streptococci differ?
A: Pathogenic strains have more virulence factors like M protein and toxins.

Q: How does the diphtheria toxin work?
A: It blocks protein synthesis, killing cells.

Q: What causes symptoms in diphtheria?
A: The diphtheria toxin.

Q: Can cold viruses spread via fomites?
A: Yes, they survive on surfaces and spread through hand contact.

Q: What virulence factor helps S. pneumoniae?
A: Its capsule, which prevents phagocytosis.

Q: What causes most pneumonia cases?
A: Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Q: What causes primary atypical pneumonia?
A: Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Q: What is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis?
A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is engulfed by macrophages but survives, forming tubercles.

Q: What is the DTaP vaccine used for?
A: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis.

Q: Why is inhalational anthrax deadly?
A: Toxins cause hemorrhaging and necrosis in lungs.

Q: What are flu symptoms?
A: Fever, cough, body aches, fatigue.

Q: Virulence factor of M. pneumoniae?
A: Adhesin proteins for attachment to respiratory cells.

Q: Virulence factor of M. tuberculosis?
A: Mycolic acid in the cell wall prevents destruction in phagocytes.

Q: AIDS diagnostic complications?
A: Opportunistic infections may confuse diagnosis.

Q: What can cause a positive TB skin test aside from infection?
A: BCG vaccination.

Q: Causative agent of Otitis Media?
A: Streptococcus pneumoniae; mostly affects young children.

Q: Is there normal flora in the upper respiratory tract?
A: Yes, like S. aureus and Streptococcus species.