Honors AmHist Final Study Guide

I'm sorry it's so long, especially the definitions of some terms :')

Lincoln’s main goal at the start of the war

His main goal, at the beginning of the war, was to save the Union

The South’s main strategy at the start of the war

The South’s main strategy was to make a defensive war

Results of the Civil War

Slaves were freed

The Union beat the Confederacy

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe about slaves

Dred Scott case

A slave from Missouri

Slaves were property not people

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay worked on a compromise that the North and South could agree to

The North would get California added to the Union as a free state and the South would get a more effective fugutive slave law

Election of 1860

Lincoln, Breckinridge, Bell, and Douglas

Lincoln won

Emancipation Proclamation

All slaves living under Confederate rule were now free

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s speech reassuring the American Public that they were right in fighting the war

Freedmen’s Bureau

It assisted poor whites and former slaves in the South

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

Radical Reconstruction

African Americans getting a voice in government

Sharecropping

Landowners divided their land and gave each worker a few acres, along with seed and tools

Free Soil Party

Coalition political party

Abraham Lincoln

President during the Civil War

Andrew Johnson

Successor of Lincoln

John Brown

Believed God had called on him to fight slavery

Republican Party

Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and keeping slavery out of territories

Bimetallism

A system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks

Muckrakers

A person who searches for and tries to expose real or alleged corruption, scandal, etc. in politics

Nativists/nativism

Overt favoritism toward native-born Americans

Gave rise to anti-immigrant groups and demand for immigration restrictions

Patronage

The practice of giving government jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected

AKA the spoils system

Political machine

An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city

Offered service to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support

Settlement house

Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants

Social Darwinism

Ideas of Charles Darwin adapted and applied to human society

Those best adapted to their environment thrive and pass on their traits, the less suited members die out (natural selection)

Tenement

Multifamily urban dwellings, overcrowded and unsanitary

Trusts

Competing companies put control of their businesses under a single group of trustees

Trustees run the separate companies as one large corporation

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Reached written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions

Andrew Carnegie

One of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune (rags to riches basically)

Chinese Exclusion Act

Banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials

Dawes Act

Broke up reservations and gave some of the reservation land to individual Native Americans to farm

Fort Laramie Treaty

The Sioux agreed to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

Forced on the leaders of the Sioux

Homestead Act

Offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household

Jane Addams

One of the most influential members of the settlement house movement

Co-founder of Chicago’s Hull House

John D. Rockefeller

Formed trusts

Owned Standard Oil, which sold oil products

Knights of Labor

A union that pressed for eight-hour work days and an end to child and convict labor

Sherman Antitrust Act

Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries

Prohibited monopolies and other activities that hindered competition

Thomas Nast

Political cartoonist who helped provoke public outrage against Tammany Hall’s graft

William Jennings Bryan

Editor of the Omaha World-Herald

“Patron saint of lost causes” (not really), because he let his beliefs, not politics, guide his actions

William Tweed

Became head of Tammany Hall 1868

Led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians who defrauded New York City

Conservation

Some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good

Debt Peonage

Bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer

Education Reform

Reformed the educational places

Jim Crow Laws

Laws to separate blacks and whites in public and private facilities

Lynching

Widespread killings

Monopoly

The exclusive control of the supply of something

Progressives

Wanted to move the country along

Recall

Allows voters to remove public officials from elected positions

Alice Paul

Formed the Congressional Union / Formed the National Woman’s Party

Pressured government to pass suffrage amendment

Booker T. Washington

Believed the racism would end once black acquired useful labor skills

Carrie Chapman Catt

NAWSA’s president

Gifford Pinchot

Head of U.S Forest Service

Ida B. Wells

Crusaded against lynching

Interstate Commerce Act

Prohibited wealthy railroad owners from colluding to fix high prices

Meat Inspection Act

Cleanliness in meatpacking industries

Plessy V. Ferguson

Ruled that the separation of races in public places was legal

Pure Food and Drug Act

Halted the sale of contaminated food and medicines

Richard Ballinger

Pressed for the private development of wilderness areas

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive President

Upton Sinclair

Wrote The Jungle

W. E. B. DuBois

The first black American to get a PhD at Harvard University

William H. Taft

Taft won against Williams Jennings Bryan

Anti-imperialism

Opposition or hostility toward imperialist policies and institutions

Espionage and Sedition Acts

When a person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, etc. about the war

Fourteen Points

First several points were issues that Wilson believed had to be addressed to prevent another war: he suggested banning secret agreements between nations, proposed lower tariffs to facilitate free trade and called for military cutbacks and freedom of the seas

Also focused on the need to resolve national border disputes, proposed settlements for colonial people who wished to be independent, and called for the creation of an international organization

Imperialism

The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories

Lusitania

A British ocean liner

Open Door Policy

Letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the US

Spanish-American War

1898 conflict between the US and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in US acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America

World War I

Causes for the war: nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the formation of a system of alliances

1914-1918

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire against England, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Canada, Japan, and the US

Soldiers lived in trenches and it was miserable (dirt, rats, polluted water, trench foot), no-man’s land between trenches

The “Great War” because no one thought that there would be a second world war

Yellow Journalism

Writing style that exaggerated news (about the war) to lure and enrage readers

Zimmerman note

A secret telegram from the German foreign minister of the German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted and decoded by British agents

Treaty of Versailles

Established 9 new nations, changed the boundaries of other nations, etc.

Barred Germany from maintaining an army and made Germany pay reparations

The treatment of Germany weakened the Treaty’s ability to provide lasting peace in Europe

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote :D

Boxer Rebellion

Rebellion by “Boxers,” Chinese secret societies that pledged to rid the country of “foreign devils” (they also did martial arts, hence the name)

Francis Ferdinand

Heir to Austrian throne who was assassinated, which caused a diplomatic crisis

Henry Cabot Lodge

Conservative senator suspicious of the provision for joint economic and military action against aggression

Wanted the right to declare war included in the Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations

Provided a forum for nations to discuss and settle their differences without having to resort to war

Philippine Islands

(At the time) a Spanish colony that the Americans invaded during the Spanish-American War

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican vice-president who became president after McKinley’s assassination

Flapper

Liberated young women who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day

Fundamentalism

The Protestant Christian movement grounded in a literal, or nonsymbolic, interpretation of the Bible

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans to northern cities

Harlem Renaissance

A literary and artistic movement celebrating African American culture

Isolationism

A policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs

Laissez-Faire

Letting things take their own course without interfering

Lost Generation

American writers that moved to Europe

Prohibition

The manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were legally prohibited

A. Mitchell Palmer

Took the lead in trying to eradicate what americans saw as the “real” threat (communists)

Calvin Coolidge

President

Started the laissez-faire economic policy of the 1920’s

Clarence Darrow

The most famous trial lawyer of the day

Duke Ellington

Jazz pianist and composer

Led his 10 piece orchestra at the Cotton Club

Earnest Hemingway

English writer and explorer

Eugene O’Neill

Forced americans to reflect upon isolation, confusion, and family conflict

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Raised taxes on some U.S. imports to 60 percent

George Gershwin

Merged popular concert music with popular jazz

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

To increase U.S. farmer protection against agricultural imports

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Renounced war as a national policy

KKK

Devoted to “100 percent Americanism”

Langston Hughs

The Harlem Renaissance’s best known poet