Lab exam 4 (shortened)

“Free at last, Free at last, Thank God almighty we are free at last.” ― Martin Luther King Jr.

Nissl bodies

Nissl bodies

Rough endoplasmic reticulum in neuron

neural tube

an embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

optic nerve

function: purely sensory
testing: vision

olfactory nerve

function: purely sensory
testing: smelling

oculomotor nerve

function: primarily motor (mixed)
testing: eyeball movement

trochlear nerve

function: primarily motor
testing: eyeball movement

trigeminal nerve

function: mixed
testing: pain, touch, chewing
(biggest)

abducens nerve

function: primarily motor (mixed)
testing: eyeball movement

facial nerve

function: mixed
testing: sensory- taste/ motor- facial expression

vestibulocochlear nerve

function: mostly sensory (mixed)
testing: balance and hearing

vagus nerve

function: mixed
cardiac and smooth muscle organs. PARASYMPATHETIC

glossopharyngeal nerve

(R)
function: mixed
Posterior tastebuds, Pharyngeal muscles. PARASYMPATHETIC

accessory nerve

function: mixed
testing: spinal and cranial nerves
(sternocleidomastoid and trapezius)

hypoglossal nerve

function: mixed (primarily motor)
testing: tongue movement

spinal meninges

(E)
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

conus medullaris location

between L1 and L2

filum terminale

anchors spinal cord to coccyx

cervical plexus

C1-C5
supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm

phrenic

- C3-C5
- Diaphragm

brachial plexus

C5-T1

lumbar plexus

L1-L4

sacral plexus

L4-S4

sciatic nerve

- L4-S3.
- LONGEST nerve in the body

receptor of reflex arc

site of stimulus action

sensory neurons of reflex arc

transmits afferent impulses to the CNS

integration center of reflex arc

either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS

motor neuron of reflex arc

conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector

effector of reflex arc

muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse

bulbous corpuscles

(6)
deep CONTINUOUS pressure

hair follicle receptors

hair movement, light touch

lamellar corpuscle

deep pressure receptor

Foliate Papillae

on side walls of tongue; contain taste buds

vallate papillae

largest taste buds with 8-12 forming "V" at back of tongue

fungiform papillae

(C)
Mushroom-like protuberances often containing taste buds and located on the sides and tip of the tongue.

Pinna (auricle)

(A)
directs sound waves into external acoustic meatus

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

- separates the external ear from the middle ear
- transmits vibrations to the auditory ossicles

middle ear

filled with air

Incus (anvil), malleus (hammer), stapes (stirrup)

(C)
transmits and amplifies vibrations from the malleus to the stapes

internal ear

filled with fluid

pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

(D)
equalizes the pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure so that the tympanic membrane can vibrate properly

vestibule

balance

cochlea

(4)
hearing

semicircular canals

(3)
balance

eyebrow

function: shade and prevent sweat from entering eye

Eyelids (palpebrae)

protect the eyes and spread lacrimal fluid (tears) with blinking

tarsal glands

secretors of an oily substance; located in the eyelids

conjunctivae

secrete mucus to lubricate the eye

lacrimal sac

tear collector

nasolacrimal duct

(F)
allows lacrimal fluid to flow into the nasal cavity

sclera

(K)
white of the eye; maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue

cornea

(B)
forms a clear window that us the major light-bending medium of the eye

iris

(E)
- pigmented
- controls the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil diameter
(smooth muscle tissue, epithelial tissue)

Choroiod

- rich with blood vessels
- blood vessels nourish the other layers of the eye

lens

(H)
- flexible (changes shape depends on light)
- elastic/ flexible
- function: focus the light by changing shape then project it into the retina

pupil

(F)
allows light to enter the eye

Mecula lutea

- majority of photoreceptors in macula lutea is cones
- center of macula lutea fovea centralis (cones only)

posterior segment of eye

(B)
contains vitreous humor

optic disc (blind spot)

(Q)
- where the cranial nerve leaves the eyeball (2nd cranial nerve)
- not enough photoreceptors