APUSH UNIT 5

Homestead Lockout

Carnegie wouldn't renew union contract at Homestead PA steel mill, natl guard def. union & made Homestead non-union mill, showed bloodiness of industrialization

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist, set steel mill standard, pro-capitalism & social darwinism

Management revolution

Philosopher James Burnham's concept, control of large businesses moved from original owners to professional managers

Vertical integration

1 company controls multiple stages of production, allows monopolies to develop

Gustavus Swift

Invested in refrigerated cars to keep meat fresh in transit, his firms produced 90% of meat shipped in interstate commerce

John D Rockefeller

Established Standard Oil of Ohio (monopoly) by buying other companies & became world's richest man

Horizontal integration

Joining w/ competitors in same market to create monopoly, Rockefeller

Trust

1 company controls the stock of many other companies -\> monopoly

Deskilling

skilled workers replaced by machines, workers do less and get paid less

Mass production

via assembly line, deskilling of labor

Scientific management

developed by engineer Frederick W Taylor, designed to maximize output, increase efficiency, & reduce production costs

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882-1940s, stopped Chinese laborers from entering the US

Anti Coolie Clubs

Anti-Chinese White clubs in 1860/70s that wanted to ban Chinese workers & products, attacked Chinese in streets

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Nationwide strike of 1000s of railroad workers/labor allies who protested corporation power & Baltimore & Ohio Railroad wage cuts

Greenback-Labor party

Late 1800s, Called on gov. to increase money supply in order to assist borrowers/for economic growth, wanted more regulation of corps. & 80hr work week, merged into populist party

Henry George

Journalist-author that saw poverty in India & wrote "Progress & poverty", believed pop. increase would lead to higher property values

Terence Powderly

Union leader of Knights of Labor (represented unskilled workers, more secretive, included African-Americans) from 1879-93 in Scranton PA, saw growth then decline

Leonora Barry

led Knights of Labor vs inequality, gender gap

Samuel Gompers

American Federation of Labor (natl union alliance vs long workdays/low wages - represented only skilled workers, more formal) leader, believed only men should work

Producerism

Popualr ideology that merchants/bankers & other middle men unfairly gain wealth from producers ex. factory workers

Granger laws

Addressed railroad discrimination vs small farmers, regulated railroad fare prices after civil war, railroad co's protested w lawsuits

Knights of Labor

Garnet workers in PA -\> national movement, wanted labor reform & cooperative factories where laborers owned industries

Anarchism

Philosophy for self-governed societies, no hierarchy

Haymarket Square

Chicago, Haymarket riots vs killing of workers by Chicago police at McCormick Reaper works strike

Farmers' Alliance

1st natl farmers organization, led to Populist Party, fought vs dominance of railroads/manufacturers

Interstate Commerce Act

Required railroads to charge fair, public rates, designed to regulate railroad industry ie. prevent monopolies

Closed shop

Hiring only unionized employees, AFL forced many employers to do this

American Federation of Labor

Powerful union, formed by Samuel Gompers in 1866, pushed for shorter workdays/higher wages, merged w/ rival CIO (Confederation of Industrial Organizations) in 1955 --\> AFL-CIO

Thomas Edison

American inventor, Invented phonograph (record player) & light bulb, changed the world

Plessy v Ferguson

Homer Plessy refused to leave whites-only railroad car, supreme ct upheld Louisiana separate but \= law, validated segregation

Horatio Alger

ex. New England Puritan pastor, wrote 100+ fiction books where virtue/honesty was rewarded w/ wealth/honor, believed hard work led to wealth and inspired poor American kids to move up social classes

YMCA

founded in Boston 1851 to give fitness to evangelicals, served workers

Negro Leagues

all black baseball teams, thrived until de-segregation after WW2

John Muir

Environmentalist, founded Sierra Club to preserve mts.

Sierra Club

encouraged gov. to set aside more land for preservation

National Park Service

Federal agency founded 1916 that oversaw growing amt of natl parks

National Audubon Society

Named after naturalist John James Audubon, organization formed 1901 that advocated for broader gov. protections for wildlife

Comstock Act

1873 law that prohibited literature abt sex, birth control, represented protest against modernization

Liberal arts

form of education where students shape their own curriculum, by Harvard pres. Charles W Eliot

Booker T Washington

former slave, believed Blacks should focus on surviving instead of uprising, gave "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895

Atlanta Compromise

In Atl, Washington told Blacks to focus on economic gain & accept short-term segregation

Maternalism

Belief that women should be mothers, Christians, & moral guides, many maternalist organizations

Frances Willard

educator, reformer, WCTU president

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

Advocated for prohibition of liquor, condemned domestic violence, pro-suffrage - 1879

National Association of Colored Women

founded by Black women, cared for orphans/elderly, pro-temperance & public health - 1896

Ida B Wells

Black journalist, published lynching stats, urged blacks to protest ex. refuse to shop in white-owned stores

National American Woman Suffrage Association

union of NWSA and AWSA in 1890, campaigned for women's voting rights

Feminism

ideology that women should work for their own rights/advancement ex. careers, property rights

Mark Twain

America's most popular author, wrote "The Gilded Age" in 1873 abt greed/corruption

Natural Selection

Individuals that are best suited for environment & reproduce successfully survive - Charles Darwin

Social Darwinism

post civil war theory that economic status was determined by natural selection, pro-laissez faire

Eugenics

effort to grade races based on genetic qualities, believed immigration led to more unfit ppl

Realism

19th century movement, writers sought to show life as it is, not as it should be

Naturalism

off-shoot of realism, humanity/life can be explained only by the laws of nature/natural world

Modernism

early 1900s movement, pro-tech, vs traditional ideals

American Protective Association

anti-Catholic society founded by Irish Protestants, strong in midwest, attacked by dems in 1890s, wanted to restrict immigration

Social Gospel

movement led by Washington Gladden, pro-religion/identity, wanted better living conditions for the poor during industrialization - applied Christianity to social problems and stressed that salvation could better these problems

Billy Sunday

fundamentalist Christian minister, preached abt salvation, vs radical progressive groups

Fundamentalism

early 20th century protestant movement vs modernism, stressed bible

Chicago School

Chicago IL, school of architecture, buildings expressed their structure and function

Mutual aid society

collected fees from urban immigrant groups & payed for support in the case of death/disability

Race riot

attacks on African-Americans by White mobs, triggered by politics/crime or planned - to enforce white supremacy

Tenement

crowded cheap housing for working class, became symbol of poverty

Vaudeville

late 1800s urban stage show that influenced future radio/TV shows

Ragtime

popular form of music w ragged rhythm in early 20th century, borrowed from black working class --\> popular for all

Scott Joplin

pianist/ragtime producer, believed ragtime would become black opera, released popular "Maple Leaf Rag" in 1899

Blues

black music, originated in Miss., spoke of hard work and to working black men in cities away from home

Yellow Journalism

term for dramatized news reporting, ex. Hearst & Pulitzer newspaper pressuring president into declaring Spanish-American war over Cuba

Muckcrackers

term for journalists that exposed political/industrial scandals, started by Theodore Roosevelt

Political machine

Candidates get votes bc of promises to voters & political power, corrupt, controlled cities

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall (NYC political machine), led the Tweed Reign (group of corrupt politicians) in defrauding the city

Tammany Hall

Powerful NY political organization, gave immigrants social services for votes

National Municipal League

Organization that advised cities to elect small council and hire professional managers to direct city operations/ensure equity

Progressivism

set of movements to combat negatives of industrialization

Tom Johnson

Dem., nominated for Cleveland mayor, advocated city ownership of utilities, progressive taxes vs monopolies & privilege

"City Beautiful" movement

advocated more urban park spaces

Jacob Riis

Danish-born, Muckraker, photographed tenements, wrote "How the Other Half Lives"

Social settlement

community center that investigated/raised funds for urban poor

Hull House

Social settlement, West Chicago, founded by Jane Addams & Ellen Gates Starr

Jane Addams

middle-class educated woman, established Hull House in Chicago - settlement house for immigrants, condemned poverty, won nobel prize

Margaret Sanger

NYC nurse, led movement to legalize birth control, founded 1st US birth control clinic & American Birth Control League (Planned Parenthood)

Upton Sinclair

Journalist (Muckcracker), published "The Jungle" abt meat packing in Chicago

Florence Kelley

Secretary of National Consumers League, led Hull House lobby for Illinois anti-sweatshop law, wanted welfare of women, children, blacks, consumers

Pure Food and Drug Act

Prohibited sale of mislabeled drugs, gave gov power over drugs

National Consumers League

Formed by F Kelley, female consumer boycott to force better working conditions for women

Women's Trade Union League

organized working women into unions to achieve gains, led "uprising of 20K" in NYC - Jewish women strike vs shirtwaist dress industry

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

NYC workplace fire, 146 deaths, led to improved standards and intl ladies' garment workers union

Mary E Lease

lawyer, founded natl. women's alliance (NWA - called for equal pay), suffrage/temperance activist

"Waving the bloody shirt"

term for Republicans that referenced the civil war to criticize opponents

Gilded age

btwn civil war & WWI, economy grew, political corruption, gilded: gold on outside, not inside (Mark Twain)

Pendleton act

System where federal employees were chosen by exams, created Civil Service Commission (oversaw exam distribution)

Mugwumps

Reps. who supported dems., supported secret ballots/literacy tests, from NY/MA

Sherman Antitrust Act

Law that opposed monopolies & "unreasonable" trade, major loop-holes, by pres Harrison 1890

Lodge Bill

Bipartisan federal board could investigate something if 100 citizens in a district appealed, bill was defeated - hurt African-Americans

Omaha Platform

- Crop prices down/RR prices up led farmers/laborers to meet and start Populist Party, nominated James Weaver for 1892 election

- Denounced economic inequality, regulate RR co's, back $ w silver not gold (worth less), wanted single term pres/secret ballot/direct senator election/8hr workday/restrict immigration

Free silver

dem. William Bryan wanted unlimited coinage of silver, replacing gold made it easier for farmers to pay back debts (supported by farmers)

Williams vs Mississippi

supreme court approved poll taxes, literacy tests, & residential requirements to discourage the poor/blacks from voting

Solid South

dem. party goal to control the south, achieved early 20th century

William Jennings Bryan

dem. leader in Chicago convention who supported free silver, used biblical fervor, jobless workers led to Bryan's assault on the gold standard, supported by pops, pro-free silver, ran v McKinley 1896