Chp 2: Knowing the Ocean World

70%

percent of earth covered by water

1. 3, 796 meters

2. 3.9 celsius

3. 3.4%

average:
1. depth?
2. temperature?
3. salt content?

2.5%

how much of fresh water is in ocean?

Polynesian

early explorers that migrated in the Pacific Ocean from Asia and the Philippines 30,000 years ago

1. stars

2. clouds

3. waves and winds

4. birds

5. temperature

6. water color

Oceanians aids to navigation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Phoenicians

first regular ocean traders (1200 BC)

greeks

first cartographers on mediterranean (450 BC)

Eratosthenes

who computed earth’s calculations based on 7 degree shadow (235-192 BC)

vikings

first discovered vinland and coast of North America before 1000 AD

compass
1403-1433

what was the most famous Chinese invention and when did their explorations occur?

James Cook

led the first scientific ocean exploration using Harrison’s chronometer

bc ptolemy’s map recomputed earth’s circumference 70% smaller

why did Columbus believe Asia was so close to America

Charles Darwin
coral reefs and atolls

who sailed on the HMS Beagle and what main branch of oceanography did he impact

relative to greenwich, local noon occurs 1 hour later for every 15 degrees from Greenwich (ex: 360 degrees / 24 = 15 degrees)

how does longitude relate to time on earth?

life was impossible below 549 meters

what hypothesis was tested during the first major oceanographic expedition (HMS Challenger)?

they measured the angle of Polaris (North Star) above the horizon

how did early navigators determine latitude in the Northern Hemisphere?

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) and Scripps Institute of Oceanography (SIO)

what are the two oldest and most famous US oceanography institutes?

military need for submarine warfare

major reason for technological advancements for oceanography in 1900’s?