Pre Colombus Era

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The Original by Bri covering ch. 1.1-1.4

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61 Terms

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Middle Ages

period in European history from the fifth century through the fourteenth century marked by an absence of effective central government

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Renaissance

time in European history lasting from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century which ushered in a more secular age and encouraged freedom of thought, the importance of the individual, and a renewed interest in classical learning

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reconquista

prolonged battle, ending in 1492, that reestablished Spanish Christian rule on the Iberian Peninsula after 700 years of Muslim dominance

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Prince Henry the Navigator

leader who directed Portuguese efforts to sail into the Atlantic, spread Christianity, and outflank Muslim domination of tradde.

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what period in European history began in the 1400s

The Period of Exploration in which Europeans explored and discovered beyond their shores that would change their homes and much of the world.

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What marked the early years of the Middle Ages

  • absence of an effective central government

  • constant threats of famine, disease, and foreign invasion

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What was the economy mostly based on during the Middle Ages

agriculture

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How much of the population of died during the 1340s? why?

a third; the bubonic plague

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Describe city growth and the environment during the middle ages

Cities and towns grew, especially in northern Italy and the Netherlands. Artisans made cloth, tools, and other goods in city workshops. Cities were also centers of trade.

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What was the social structure during the middle ages?

Top-Bottom

Royalty and Aristocrats:

  • Monarchs at top of kingdoms

  • Aristocrats

Church Leaders and Merchants

  • Roman Catholic Church

  • Wealthy merchants

Middle Class Families

  • Farmers, Artisans, and shopkeepers

  • only a fifth of the population

The Working Poor

  • Farmed on rented land or worked for pay

  • in bad years they were beggars

  • 3/5 of populations

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what were the most important kingdoms in Europe in the Middle Ages

Castile, Portugal, France, and England

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What united many Europeans?

They all wanted to recapture the Holy Land in the Middle East where Jesus had lived and taught. The later half of the Middle Ages, European Christians and Southwest Muslims fought each other during the Crusades and the Muslims won.

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How did the Crusades benefit Europe?

  • They became aware of distant lands and other ways of life

  • Soldiers came back with new goods

  • European traders expanded their businesses into Asia due to the demand of those new goods

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what are 4 key changes the Renaissance brought to Europe?

  • Trade with and knowledge of other lands expanded

  • the wealth generated trade fueled further exploration

  • printing press made books easier to get

  • new ideas

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what regions did the muslims dominate?

  • North Africa

  • Southern and eastern Mediterranean Sea

  • Parts of Eastern Europe and Southeast, Southwest, and Central Asia.

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what kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula were in the reconquista?

Aragon, Castile, and Portugal

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in what year did Spain unite, how?

1469; Prince Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile

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what muslim stronghold did Spain take over in 1492

Grenada

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What did Prince Henry the Navigator do?

  • Founded a navigation school

  • sponsored expeditions down the west coast of Africa

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Name the 4 new inventions that the Portuguese use to explore?

compass, astrolabe, quadrant, and the caravel ship

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Ghana

Kingdom in West Africa, known for its wealth and trade in gold, lasting from AD.800-1050

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Mali

West African empire lasting from 1200 to the 1400s that prospered from the gold trade

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Mansa Musa

king of Mali in the early 1300s who expanded the kingdom’s domain, increased the role of Islam, and promoted scholarship

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Songhair

large West African empire lasting from 1460 to the 1600s

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What was life like in West Africa before the age of European exploration

Early societies in West Africa grew into great trading empires rich and varied cultures. Trade between Europeans and West Africans including slaves would shape both peoples for many years.

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Describe the geography of West Africa

  • The Sahara is a vast desert in a big part of north

  • Broad Savanna south of the desert

  • Lush region watered by the Niger and Senegal rives south of the savanna

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What are two valuable resources in West Africa

gold and salt

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Trading towns eventually grew into what? give some examples

great and powerful empires. Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and other smaller kingdoms.

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What main resource did the Ghana did supply the Mediterranean

gold

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Describe some key aspects of the Ghana empire

  • large towns

  • a system of commerce

  • a complex political structure

  • thriving caravan trades with African peoples across the Sahara and Morocco led to much Muslim influence in North Africa

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How did Ghana hold on control weaken?

Attacks from outsiders

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When was Mali born?

Around 1200s

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What did Mansa Musa do?

  • promoted Islamic Scholarship

  • founded the university of timbuktu

  • expanded Mali’s domain

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when did the Songhai empire emerge

1400s

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Key aspects of Songhai

Education and Trade

  • sustained Islamic system of education in Timbuktu

  • grew rich from trade

Conquest

  • in 1468 conquered Mali making it very powerful

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What two main aspects of West African societies were similar in general?

Spiritual Beliefs

  • Traditional beliefs revolve around the spirit wordl and the influence of ancestors

  • Islam was also very influential

Land

  • land belonged to extended kinship networks

  • people often farmed the land in common and divided the harvest.

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What role did slave trade play in West Africa?

it was very important to West African economy as items of trade.

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Describe West African slavery

  • not based on racial superiority and inferiority

  • prisoners of war and criminals often became slaves

  • slaves were often adopted by owners and children didn’t inherit slave status

  • slaves could be wealthy, important officials and soldiers

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What were common destinations for slaves in the Portuguese slave trade?

  • Some went to Europe

  • most to sugar plantations in islands in the east atlantic

  • growing numbers to plantations in the Americas

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What did the Portuguese export?

peppers, ivory, copper, and African slaves

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How did the Portuguese start out trade with the West Africa

They started out as pirates taking gold, pepper, and slaves

But African resistance forced them to shift to trading

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Ice age

Period in Earth’s history with low global temperatures and glaciers covering large areas

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Migrate

To travel

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Mayas

Ancient people of Mexico who lived along the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast

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Aztecs

Ancient people of Mexico who lived in central highlands

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Adobe

Sun dried brick made from earth, water, and straw

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Iroquois league

Loose confederation made up of five Iroquois peoples: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas.

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What features did Native American groups share

  • decentralized power

  • Spiritual beliefs and shamanism

  • Little private ownership of property

  • Equality among various tribes and nations

  • Division of labor along gender lines

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What type of houses did the Algonquian’s live in? Where

Wigwams near the Atlantic sea board

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Name 3 types of Native American homes?

Teepees, long houses, wigwams

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What differences were there among different tribes

  • different homes and clothes

  • Different food

  • Different traditions

  • Spoke hundreds of different languages

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Land Bridge theory

15000 years ago, during an ice age, hunters crossed a ,and bridge between Siberia and Alaska in search of mammoths and other game

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Where did Agriculture in the Americas develop? What did it lead to?

Mexico; it expanded food supply which led to population growth and permanent villages, which then grew into great cities ruled by powerful chiefs

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