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Middle Ages
period in European history from the fifth century through the fourteenth century marked by an absence of effective central government
Renaissance
time in European history lasting from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century which ushered in a more secular age and encouraged freedom of thought, the importance of the individual, and a renewed interest in classical learning
reconquista
prolonged battle, ending in 1492, that reestablished Spanish Christian rule on the Iberian Peninsula after 700 years of Muslim dominance
Prince Henry the Navigator
leader who directed Portuguese efforts to sail into the Atlantic, spread Christianity, and outflank Muslim domination of tradde.
what period in European history began in the 1400s
The Period of Exploration in which Europeans explored and discovered beyond their shores that would change their homes and much of the world.
What marked the early years of the Middle Ages
absence of an effective central government
constant threats of famine, disease, and foreign invasion
What was the economy mostly based on during the Middle Ages
agriculture
How much of the population of died during the 1340s? why?
a third; the bubonic plague
Describe city growth and the environment during the middle ages
Cities and towns grew, especially in northern Italy and the Netherlands. Artisans made cloth, tools, and other goods in city workshops. Cities were also centers of trade.
What was the social structure during the middle ages?
Top-Bottom
Royalty and Aristocrats:
Monarchs at top of kingdoms
Aristocrats
Church Leaders and Merchants
Roman Catholic Church
Wealthy merchants
Middle Class Families
Farmers, Artisans, and shopkeepers
only a fifth of the population
The Working Poor
Farmed on rented land or worked for pay
in bad years they were beggars
3/5 of populations
what were the most important kingdoms in Europe in the Middle Ages
Castile, Portugal, France, and England
What united many Europeans?
They all wanted to recapture the Holy Land in the Middle East where Jesus had lived and taught. The later half of the Middle Ages, European Christians and Southwest Muslims fought each other during the Crusades and the Muslims won.
How did the Crusades benefit Europe?
They became aware of distant lands and other ways of life
Soldiers came back with new goods
European traders expanded their businesses into Asia due to the demand of those new goods
what are 4 key changes the Renaissance brought to Europe?
Trade with and knowledge of other lands expanded
the wealth generated trade fueled further exploration
printing press made books easier to get
new ideas
what regions did the muslims dominate?
North Africa
Southern and eastern Mediterranean Sea
Parts of Eastern Europe and Southeast, Southwest, and Central Asia.
what kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula were in the reconquista?
Aragon, Castile, and Portugal
in what year did Spain unite, how?
1469; Prince Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile
what muslim stronghold did Spain take over in 1492
Grenada
What did Prince Henry the Navigator do?
Founded a navigation school
sponsored expeditions down the west coast of Africa
Name the 4 new inventions that the Portuguese use to explore?
compass, astrolabe, quadrant, and the caravel ship
Ghana
Kingdom in West Africa, known for its wealth and trade in gold, lasting from AD.800-1050
Mali
West African empire lasting from 1200 to the 1400s that prospered from the gold trade
Mansa Musa
king of Mali in the early 1300s who expanded the kingdom’s domain, increased the role of Islam, and promoted scholarship
Songhair
large West African empire lasting from 1460 to the 1600s
What was life like in West Africa before the age of European exploration
Early societies in West Africa grew into great trading empires rich and varied cultures. Trade between Europeans and West Africans including slaves would shape both peoples for many years.
Describe the geography of West Africa
The Sahara is a vast desert in a big part of north
Broad Savanna south of the desert
Lush region watered by the Niger and Senegal rives south of the savanna
What are two valuable resources in West Africa
gold and salt
Trading towns eventually grew into what? give some examples
great and powerful empires. Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and other smaller kingdoms.
What main resource did the Ghana did supply the Mediterranean
gold
Describe some key aspects of the Ghana empire
large towns
a system of commerce
a complex political structure
thriving caravan trades with African peoples across the Sahara and Morocco led to much Muslim influence in North Africa
How did Ghana hold on control weaken?
Attacks from outsiders
When was Mali born?
Around 1200s
What did Mansa Musa do?
promoted Islamic Scholarship
founded the university of timbuktu
expanded Mali’s domain
when did the Songhai empire emerge
1400s
Key aspects of Songhai
Education and Trade
sustained Islamic system of education in Timbuktu
grew rich from trade
Conquest
in 1468 conquered Mali making it very powerful
What two main aspects of West African societies were similar in general?
Spiritual Beliefs
Traditional beliefs revolve around the spirit wordl and the influence of ancestors
Islam was also very influential
Land
land belonged to extended kinship networks
people often farmed the land in common and divided the harvest.
What role did slave trade play in West Africa?
it was very important to West African economy as items of trade.
Describe West African slavery
not based on racial superiority and inferiority
prisoners of war and criminals often became slaves
slaves were often adopted by owners and children didn’t inherit slave status
slaves could be wealthy, important officials and soldiers
What were common destinations for slaves in the Portuguese slave trade?
Some went to Europe
most to sugar plantations in islands in the east atlantic
growing numbers to plantations in the Americas
What did the Portuguese export?
peppers, ivory, copper, and African slaves
How did the Portuguese start out trade with the West Africa
They started out as pirates taking gold, pepper, and slaves
But African resistance forced them to shift to trading
Ice age
Period in Earth’s history with low global temperatures and glaciers covering large areas
Migrate
To travel
Mayas
Ancient people of Mexico who lived along the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast
Aztecs
Ancient people of Mexico who lived in central highlands
Adobe
Sun dried brick made from earth, water, and straw
Iroquois league
Loose confederation made up of five Iroquois peoples: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas.
What features did Native American groups share
decentralized power
Spiritual beliefs and shamanism
Little private ownership of property
Equality among various tribes and nations
Division of labor along gender lines
What type of houses did the Algonquian’s live in? Where
Wigwams near the Atlantic sea board
Name 3 types of Native American homes?
Teepees, long houses, wigwams
What differences were there among different tribes
different homes and clothes
Different food
Different traditions
Spoke hundreds of different languages
Land Bridge theory
15000 years ago, during an ice age, hunters crossed a ,and bridge between Siberia and Alaska in search of mammoths and other game
Where did Agriculture in the Americas develop? What did it lead to?
Mexico; it expanded food supply which led to population growth and permanent villages, which then grew into great cities ruled by powerful chiefs