Competitive and Concentrated Markets

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Characteristics of Competitive Markets

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Characteristics of Competitive Markets

Many Sellers and Buyers

Homogeneous Products

Free Entry and Exit

Perfect Information

Price Takers

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2

competition

Products offered by different sellers are largely similar or identical, leading to _________ primarily on price

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3

Agricultural Markets

Markets for products like wheat, corn, and rice are often highly competitive, with many producers and buyers

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4

Retail Markets

Markets for consumer goods like clothing, electronics, and groceries can be highly competitive, especially with the presence of multiple retailers.

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Efficiency, Consumer Choice, Innovation, Lower Prices, Quality Improvement

Advantages of Competitive Markets

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lower

Competition leads to ______ prices, benefiting consumers.

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7

Low-Profit Margins, Market Volatility, Lack of Economies of Scale, Overproduction

Disadvantages of Competitive Markets

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overproduction

The pressure to compete can lead to ________, resulting in waste and environmental concerns.

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9

higher costs

Firms in highly competitive markets may struggle to achieve economies of scale, potentially leading to ________

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10

Concentrated Markets

market where a small number of firms have a significant share of the market, allowing them to influence prices and other market outcomes

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Few Sellers, Differentiated Products, Barriers to Entry, Market Power, Imperfect Information

Characteristics of Concentrated Markets
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12

Few Sellers

The market is dominated by a few large firms, each with significant market power

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13

branding

Firms often offer products differentiated by quality, features, or _________

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14

High

_____ barriers to entry exist, making it difficult for new firms to enter the market and compete

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15

Market Power

Firms can influence prices, output, and other market factors

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16

Oligopoly, Monopoly

Types of Concentrated Markets

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Oligopoly

A market structure where a few large firms dominate the market

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18

Monopoly

A market structure where a single firm dominates the market

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19

Oligopoly

Characteristics of what type of concentrated markets?

Interdependence

Non-Price Competition

Price Rigidity

Collusion

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20

Monopoly

Characteristics of what type of concentrated markets?

Single Seller

Price Maker

High Barriers to Entry

Unique Product

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21

Economies of Scale, Research and Development, Stability, Consistency

Advantages of Concentrated Markets

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Market Power Abuse, Reduced Consumer Choice, Barriers to Entry, Inefficiency

Disadvantages of Concentrated Markets

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Concentrated

Examples of _________ Markets

Technology Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry

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24

Antitrust Laws

Governments implement antitrust laws to prevent monopolies and promote competition

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25

Encouraging Competition

Policies may be introduced to reduce barriers to entry and encourage new firms to enter the market.

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26

Price Controls

In some cases, governments may impose price controls to protect consumers from exorbitant prices in concentrated markets.

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27

Perfect Competition

A theoretical market structure that represents an idealized version of a competitive market

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Infinite Buyers and Sellers, Zero Transaction Costs, Instantaneous Transactions, Profit Maximization

Characteristics of Perfect Competition

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29

Imperfect Competition

Market structures that do not meet the criteria of perfect competition.

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30

Monopolistic Competition

Oligopsony

Monopsony

Types of Imperfect Competition

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31

Monopolistic Competition

Many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.

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Oligopsony

A market where there are many sellers but few buyers

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Monopsony

A market where there is only one buyer

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34

Market Failure

Situations where the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.

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35

Public Goods, Externalities, Information Asymmetry, Monopoly Power

Causes of Market Failure

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36

Correcting Market Failures, Regulating Monopolies, Redistribution of Income and Wealth

Reasons for Government Intervention

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37

Efficiency, Equity, Innovation, Consumer Welfare

Criteria for Evaluation of Market Structures

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38

Supply Curve

Shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied

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39

Demand Curve

Shows the relationship between price and quantity demanded

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40

Equilibrium

The point where supply and demand curves intersect, indicating the market price and quantity

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41

Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)

Measures how much the quantity demanded responds to changes in price.

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42

Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED)

Measures how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to changes in the price of another good.

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