Organic Reactions Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes about organic reactions, covering aliphatic and aromatic compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, acyl chlorides, amines, amino acids, and polymers.

What reagents are used to oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids?

Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

What is the observation when an aldehyde is oxidized using potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid?

The solution changes from orange to green.

What reagents are used to oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids?

Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

What is the observation when an aldehyde is oxidized using potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid?

The solution changes from orange to green.

How can you distinguish between aldehydes and ketones using Fehling's solution?

Add Fehling's solution and heat; aldehydes will form a brick red precipitate, while ketones will not.

What is the observation when Tollen's reagent is added to an aldehyde?

A silver mirror forms

What reagents are used to reduce a carbonyl to an alcohol?

NaBH4(aq)

What type of reaction is the addition of HCN to a carbonyl?

Nucleophilic addition

What reagents are used for the addition of HCN to a carbonyl?

NaCN and HCl(aq)

What is the product of reacting a carboxylic acid with sodium hydroxide?

A carboxylate salt and water

What is observed when a carboxylic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?

A colorless gas is evolved which turns limewater milky. (CO2)

What reagents are used for esterification?

Any alcohol and concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst

What are the reagents for acid hydrolysis of esters?

Concentrated H2SO4 and H2O

What are the reagents used in alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) of esters?

NaOH(aq)

What is observed when acyl chlorides react with water?

White misty fumes

What type of reaction occurs when acyl chlorides react with water, ammonia, alcohols, or primary amines?

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

What are the products of reacting acyl chlorides with ammonia?

An amide and HCl

What are the products of reacting acyl chlorides with alcohols?

An ester and HCl

What are the products of reacting acyl chlorides with primary amines?

An N-substituted amide and HCl

What are the products of reacting acid anhydrides with water?

Two carboxylic acids

What are the products of reacting acid anhydrides with ammonia?

An amide and a carboxylic acid

What are the products of reacting acid anhydrides with alcohols?

An ester and a carboxylic acid

What are the products of reacting acid anhydrides with primary amines?

An N-substituted amide and a carboxylic acid

What reagents are used to convert a haloalkane to a primary amine?

Haloalkane and excess ammonia

What reagents are used to convert a haloalkane to a secondary amine?

Haloalkane and ammonia (2:1 ratio)

What reagents are used to convert a haloalkane to a tertiary amine?

Haloalkane and ammonia (3:1 ratio)

What reagents are used to convert a haloalkane to a quaternary ammonium salt?

Haloalkane and ammonia (4:1 ratio)

What type of reaction is the conversion of haloalkanes to amines?

Nucleophilic substitution

What reagents are used to reduce a nitrile to a primary amine?

LiAlH4 in dry ether

What is the product of reacting an amine with an acid?

An alkyl ammonium salt

What is the product of reacting an alkyl ammonium salt with an alkali?

An amine, NaCl, and water

What is the product of reacting an amino acid with an acid?

R-CH(NH3+Cl-)-COOH

What is the product of reacting an amino acid with an alkali?

R-CH(NH2)-COO-Na+ + H2O

What are the conditions for addition polymerization of alkenes to polyalkenes?

High temperature and a Ziegler-Natta catalyst

What are the products of polyester condensation polymerization of a dicarboxylic acid and a diol?

Polyester + water

What are conditions for polyester formation from dicarboxylic acid and diol?

H2SO4, heat under reflux.

What are the conditions for polyester formation from diacyl chloride and diol?

Room temperature

What are the products of polyamide condensation polymerization of a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine?

Polyamide + water

What are the conditions of polyamide formation from dicarboxylic acid and diamine?

Warm, reflux

What are the conditions of polyamide formation from diacyl chloride and diamine?

Room Temperature

What are the reagents used in the hydrolysis of polyesters?

NaOH(aq)

What are the reagents used in the hydrolysis of polyamides?

HCl(aq)

What reagent are used in the nitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene?

Concentrated HNO3 in concentrated H2SO4

What type of reaction is the nitration of benzene?

Electrophilic substitution

What reagents are used for the alkylation of benzene?

R-Cl with anhydrous AlCl3

What reagents are used for the acylation of benzene?

R-COCl with anhydrous AlCl3

What reagents are used for the reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

Sn in concentrated HCl