Exam 1 Units 1-5 Labs 1-3

What is Botany?

The organized study of photosynthetic organisms

phyto

means plant

Herbal

the first botany documents included medical uses for plants

The Renaissance

When did botany begin as a formal science?

400k+

How many extant (living) species of plants are there?

Systematics

Term for plant evolutionary relationships, help find out how similar/different plant groups are.

Taxonomy

naming/organization of organisms

Latin polynomials

The first plant classification system (names could be 5-20 words long, based on physical features)

Carl Linnaeus

Botanist/physician that popularized teh idea of the binomial system (species plantarum, genus species)

Genus, specific epithet, authority (L. = Linnaeus)

Taxonomic name for plants includes…

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (specific epithet), authority

Ranks of taxonomy:

Eukarya, Plantae

In this class the domain and kingdom are always…

-ophyta

The phylum always ends in…

-opsida

The class always ends in…

-ales

the order always ends in…

-aceae

the family ends in…

The authority

What is NOT italicized in a scientific name?

Angiosperms

Phylum level category of plants known as flowering, name means vessel-seed, includes monocots and dicots

Monocots

a class level category of plants that have one cotyledon.

Dicots

a class level category of plants that have two cotyledons.

Corn, wheat, rice, potatoes, cassava, sweet potato

The 6 plants that account for 80% of the world’s calorie supply.

Fast growing, absorb light, water, minerals, and out compete other plants,

Why are weeds problematic?

Gymnosperm

name means “naked-seed” category that includes multiple phyla of plants, typically have cones.

gymnosperms

Conifers (Pinophyta) are:

most rare gymnosperms

Cycads (Cycadophyta) are:

gymnosperms with one species in the phylum alive today (Ginkgo biloba)

Ginkgophyta are:

Seed-free vascular plants

Category of plants with no seeds that produce through spores and have vascular tissues, usually terrestrial, and have two phyla.

Bryophytes

includes mosses, hornworts, and liverworts, plants without vascular tissues that produce through spores, are semi-aquatic to terrestrial, small in size, and have three phyla.

Green algae

nonvascular, aquatic organisms with two phyla

herbarium

A place where dead collected specimens are preserved, catalogued, organized, and stored

Index herbarium

A complete list of herbaria worldwide.

1. Press: put in plant press until dry then mount on herbarium sheet w/ label

2. Chemical fixation: alcohol/formaldehyde

3. Desiccation: sand/borax to preserve in 3D

4. Encasing: in plastic/resin, not easy to laminate, resin is expensive/takes up more space.

Types of plant specimen preservation:

Native flora

When the plant evolved in the location where it is found.

Non-native flora

Ddi not evolve in the location (introduced), not always invasive.

Invasive

The term for non-native (usually) flora that outcompetes the native flora through quick reproduction and a lack of natural predators/competitors.

H_2O and CO_2 (CHO makes up 96%)

Most plant mass is made up of…

C, H, O, P, K, N mainly then, S, Ca, Fe (iron), Mg (magnesium), Na (sodium), Cl, Co (cobalt), Mn (Manganese), Cu (copper), Zn, Mo (Molybdenum), B

What are the essential elements for plants?

Macronutrients

Make up 0.5-3% of plant mass, includes P, K, N, S, Ca, Mg, Si

Micronutrients

0.5% of mass, includes Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, B

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids

What are the four macromolecule groups?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides.

Carbohydrates are made up of:

Monosaccharides

fructose, glucose, ribose (DNA) are:

Disaccharides

sucrose, maltose(two glucose) are:

Polysaccharides

starch (combo of amylose + amylopectin), pectin (glue-like btwn cell walls), cellulose (in all cell walls, long chains of glucose bound to each other) are:

waxes, sterols and stanols, fats, and phospholipids

Lipids are made up of:

Phospholipids

makes up cellular membranes, has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

saturated

Has single bonds between carbon atoms

monounsaturated

has one double bond between carbon atoms

polyunsaturated

has more than one double bond between carbon atoms.

• Membrane structure/fluidity

• Store a large amount of energy

• Helps in defense/attraction of other organisms (cuticle/toxins/aromatic compounds)

functions of lipids:

amino acids (there are 20 different kinds!)

Proteins are made up of:

Amino acids = polypeptides (primary structure), fold and form hydrogen bonds (secondary structure), Functional forms = tertiary and quaternary structures

Structures of proteins:

enzymes

These proteins catalyze reactions:

Membranes

Proteins regulate transport through:

seeds

Proteins serve as energy reserves in _____ for germination

nucleotides

Nucleic acids are made up of:

A phosphate group (PO_4), a sugar backbone (carbohydrate), a nitrogenous base (variable)

Nucleotides are made up of:

Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine, Uracil

What are the 5 nitrogenous bases?

nucleic acid

nucleotides link together to form a:

Chromatin

nucleic acid (DNA) is folded together using protein scaffolding to form:

Chromosomes

chromatin is packed into long units called:

variable

Plants have a ____ number of chromosomes

plastids (type of organelle)

Double-membraned structures that perform specific functions

pro-plastids

all plstids start as these which are inherited maternally

chloroplasts

These plastids carry out photosynthesis and are the most elaborate structure.

Chromoplasts

these plastids are specialized for pigment storage:

Leucoplasts, Amyloplasts (store starch)

These plastids store macromolecules:

Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, Leucoplasts

Types of plastids:

Vacuole

This organelle stores water, sugar, salts crystals, and sometimes pigments, it may also account for up to 95% of cell volume.

Primary wall

All cells have this and it is formed at cell division.

Cellulose

What is the principle component of cell walls?

strong/pliable, can expand as internal components of the cell expand

Attributes of primary walls:

lignin and cellulose

What are secondary walls composed of?

hard, rigid, not pliable, strong (think of rebar in concrete)

Attributes of lignin:

die at maturity

Cells that form a secondary cell wall usually:

stack of thylakoids

A granum is a:

Endosymbiotic theory

the theory that some eukaryotic cell organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids, evolved from free-living prokaryotes.

Plasmodesmata

cytoplasmic connections between living cells that allow for selective molecule transport, a tubular structure formed at division.

Pits

Thin places in cell walls usually between dead cells that form where plasmodesmata were, unregulated transport

Middle lamella

Material between plant cells (living/dead), composed of pectin

Parenchyma

A simple tissue, name means parent/mother, and has only a primary wall

Storage, may photosynthesize, some become specialized

Functions of parenchyma tissues:

Isodiametric, block-like (stereotypical “plant cell”)

Shape of parenchyma tissues:

All over the plant and in meristems.

Where are parenchyma tissues found?

Collenchyma

Type of simple tissue, name means “glue”:

Collenchyma

This simple tissue has only an unevenly thickened primary wall:

Structural support, may photosynthesize

What are the functions of collenchyma?

Sclerenchyma

This simple tissue’s name includes the root word for “hard”

Primary and secondary cell walls

Sclerenchyma are usually dead at maturity meaning they have:

Support and protection

What are the functions of Sclerenchyma?

Fibers and Sclereids

What are the two major types of Sclerenchyma?

Elongated, tapered ends, functions while dead

Characteristics of fibers:

isodiametric or branched, not elongated like fibers

Characteristics of Sclereids:

roots, stems, leaves, and flowers (or other reproductive structure)

What are the four organs that most angiosperms have?

Simple tissues

Tissues composed of only one cell type.

Complex tissues

Tissues composed of several cell types.

Dermal, vascular, ground

What are the three tissue systems?

Epidermis and Peridermis

Dermal tissue systems include which complex tissues?

Xylem and Phloem

Vascular tissue systems include what complex tissues?

Cortex, pith, mesophyll

Ground tissue systems include what three simple tissues?