bio topic 2

Glycolysis

________ occurs in the cells cytoplasm, where a glucose molecule is broken down into two smaller 3- carbon molecules called pyruvate.

Metabolic pathways

________ can consist of chains or cycles, can be anabolic or catabolic.

Carbon atom

________ is the core of organic compounds (exceptions i.e CO2 and CO)

Central dogma

________ of molecular biology states that there is a sequential transfer of information where DNA is transcribed into RNA, which in turn is translated into proteins.

Helicase

________ unwinds the double helix and separates the two DNA strands for the new daughter strand to be synthesized.

Hydrophobic

________:" (water- hating) all molecules that can not associate with water molecules or easily dissolve in it, include large and non- polar molecules, tend to be insoluble in water.

Glucose

________ and amino acids are polar, so they can be freely transported and dissolved.

CO2 concentration

Increasing ________ increases the rate of photosynthesis, until the photosynthetic enzymes involved in the cycle (i.e rubisco) reach their saturation point and can no longer increase rates.

formation of H

Water can adhere to charged surface through the ________ bonds due to its polarity.

Cholesterol

________ and fats are non- polar so they are transported in small droplets called.

Green color

________ is reflected from medium wavelengths.

Cellular respiration

________ is the controlled release of energy, in the form of ATP, from organic compounds in cells.

large concentrations

Enzymes often immobilized on a surface and employed in ________ to catalyze a wide range of biochemical reactions.

Skill

________: use a table of the genetic code to deduce which codon (s) corresponds to which AA.

Lactose

________ is the disaccharide in milk that many people are intolerant to as they do not produce the enzyme lactase to break it down.

Polarity of water

________ arises as it has slightly positively charged pole where the H atoms are located and a slightly negatively charged poled where O atom is located.

Active site

________ is the region on the enzyme to which substrates bind and where catalysis occurs.

Taq polymerase

________ (isolated from thermophiles, organisms that can survive at very high temperature) works optimally at 72 C so the mix is heated to this temperature to enhance the formation of new double- stranded copies of the original DNA.

Substrates

________ are substances acted upon by enzymes.

DNA

Once the ________ "message "has entered the cytoplasm in the form of mRNA, translation takes place, where polypeptides are synthesized by ribosomes.

Ribosome

________ begins to slide over the mRNA until it reaches a starting codon, where a tRNA with a complementary anticodon can bind, bringing the first AA of the polypeptide to be made.

Transcription

________ is the synthesis of mRNA from the DNA base sequences present in an organisms chromosomes.

High specific heat capacity

________: large amount of energy needed to raise waters temperature.

Chlorophyll

________ is located in clusters inside chloroplasts.

Light independent reactions

________ lead to the formation of complex carbohydrates.

Photosynthesis

________ consists of light- dependent and light- independent reactions.

Monosaccharides

________ are the monomers (building blocks) of carbohydrates.

double bond

Polyunsaturated: more than one ________ between Cs in fatty acid chain.

Cell respiration

________ can follow an aerobic (in the presence of O) and an anaerobic (no O) pathway, the latter creates much smaller yield of ATP.

Hydrophilic

________:" (water- loving) "all molecules that can readily dissolve in water, include polar molecules and ionic compounds.

C

________ can form four covalent bonds, and thus allows for the formation of a wide variety of stable and complex compounds.

Sunlight

________ is made up of a range of wavelengths (red, green, blue) within the visible light spectrum.

ATP

________ and CO2 are used to convert inorganic compounds into organic compounds.

Globular proteins

________ that function as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the biological process.

molecular motions

Collisions between substrate and active site happen more frequently at higher temperatures due to faster ________.

full capacity

A plateau is reached when enzymes are working at ________ at their maximum rate.

Cis

________ unsaturated: H atoms are bonded to C on the same side of the double bond.

fatty acid

Monounsaturated: there is one double bond between two C atoms in ________ chain.

Enzymes

________ are proteins, therefore at high temperatures they are denatured and stop working, heat causes vibrations inside ________ which break bonds needed to maintain the structure the structure of the ________.

RNA

Nucleotide can have either a ribose (________) or a deoxyribose (DNA) pentose sugar.

Acetyl CoA

________ enters the Krebs cycle, where a series of redox reaction lead to the release of CO2 and the formation of intermediate molecules.

Oxygen

________ is non- polar, and while some molecules can dissolve in water, they are not.

Condensation reaction

________ creates a covalent, peptide bond between carboxyl group of one AA and the amino group of the other, results in the release of water molecule.

Genetic code

________ is written in a language of codons (three consecutive bases (triple) where each codon codes for a specific AA)

Skill

draw amino acid diagram

Skill

identify molecular diagrams of these structures as AAs, sugars (ribose and glucose) and lipids (fatty acids)

i.e

AAs → polypeptide + water

i.e

dipeptide + water → 2 AAs

high specific heat capacity

large amount of energy needed to raise waters temperature

high latent heat of vaporization

H bonds between water molecules in a liquid form make it very hard for single molecules to escape as vapour

high latent heat of fusion

water at 0 C must lose a lot of energy before forming ice crystals, water expands as it freezes and therefore ice can float upon its surface

water is excellent solvent for other polar molecules that attract charged poles of water molecules (i.e inorganic molecules with +/

charges, polar organic molecules, enzymes etc)

Hydrophilic

("water-loving") all molecules that can readily dissolve in water, include polar molecules and ionic compounds

Hydrophobic

("water-hating) all molecules that cannot associate with water molecules or easily dissolve in it, include large and non-polar molecules, tend to be insoluble in water

monosaccharides

glucose (G), fructose (F), galactose (Ga)

disaccharides

maltose (G+G), sucrose (G+F), lactose (G+Ga)

polysaccharides (all polymers of G)

cellulose, glycogen, starch/amylose/amylopectin

saturated

all carbon atoms in fatty acid chain are connected by single covalent bond

monounsaturated

there is one double bond between two C atoms in fatty acid chain

polyunsaturated

more than one double bond between Cs in fatty acid chain

trans unsaturated

H atoms are bonded to carbon on the opposite sides of the double bond

cis unsaturated

H atoms are bonded to C on the same side of the double bond

three main classes of lipids

phospholipids (important membrane components), steroids (cholesterol and hormones) and triglycerides (long-term energy storage)

lock and key model

substrate and enzyme have shapes that make theme fit perfectly with each other; each enzyme catalyzes a specific reaction

induced fit model

as substrate and enzyme approach each other, their interactions make them shift physical conformation so that they fit perfectly with one another

two major types of nucleic acids

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), essential compounds involved in gene expression in cells

Skill

use a table of the genetic code to deduce which codon(s) corresponds to which AA

follows this equation

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Skill

design experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the photosynthetic rates