Cardiorespiratory Conditions Midterm - Valvular

Rheumatic Heart Disease - Details

Complication of untreated Group A streptococcal infection causing inflammation and scarring of heart valves.

Rheumatic Heart Disease - Diagnosis

Echocardiogram.

Rheumatic Heart Disease - Treatment

Prompt antibiotic treatment of strep infection and prophylactic penicillin.

Rheumatic Heart Disease - Notes

Primarily affects the mitral and aortic valves and may lead to stenosis or regurgitation.

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis - Details

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve causing right ventricular hypertrophy and possible heart failure symptoms in severe cases.

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis - Diagnosis

Echocardiography with Doppler evaluation.

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis - Treatment

Observation if mild; intervention if cyanosis, symptoms, or exercise intolerance occur.

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis - Notes

EKG may show peaked P waves and chest X-ray may show structural changes.

Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation - Details

Backflow of blood through the pulmonary valve due to pulmonary hypertension, congenital abnormalities, or post-surgical changes.

Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation - Diagnosis

Echocardiography with Doppler and EKG that may show right bundle branch block or RV hypertrophy.

Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation - Treatment

Valve replacement or treatment of pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation - Notes

Chest X-ray may show enlarged right ventricle or pulmonary artery.

Coarctation of the Aorta - Details

Narrowing of the aortic arch distal to the left subclavian artery.

Coarctation of the Aorta - Diagnosis

Echocardiography with Doppler.

Coarctation of the Aorta - Treatment

Surgery, stenting, or catheterization.

Coarctation of the Aorta - Notes

High blood pressure in upper extremities and lower blood pressure in lower extremities with risk of cerebral hemorrhage.

Non-Rheumatic Aortic Stenosis - Details

Often due to bicuspid aortic valve or degenerative calcification.

Non-Rheumatic Aortic Stenosis - Diagnosis

Echocardiography with Doppler and EKG showing left ventricular hypertrophy.

Non-Rheumatic Aortic Stenosis - Treatment

Risk-factor control and prevention strategies.

Aortic Stenosis - Details

Narrowing of the aortic valve leading to decreased cardiac output and left ventricular hypertrophy.

Aortic Stenosis - Treatment

Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (SAVR) or Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR).

Aortic Stenosis - Notes

SAVR preferred in younger patients; TAVR commonly used in older patients or those with comorbidities.

Aortic Valve Regurgitation - Details

Backflow of blood into the left ventricle caused by bicuspid valve, infection, hypertension, or connective tissue disorders.

Aortic Valve Regurgitation - Diagnosis

Echocardiography with Doppler and ECG monitoring.

Aortic Valve Regurgitation - Treatment

Urgent surgery in acute cases; medications or valve replacement in chronic cases.

Aortic Valve Regurgitation - Notes

Wide pulse pressure and water-hammer pulse may be present.

Mitral Valve Regurgitation - Details

Volume overload leads to left ventricular hypertrophy and eventual cardiac dysfunction.

Mitral Valve Regurgitation - Diagnosis

Echocardiography with Doppler and BNP or NT-proBNP testing.

Mitral Valve Regurgitation - Treatment

Surgical intervention when symptoms develop or LV dilation occurs.

Mitral Valve Regurgitation - Notes

MRI or CT imaging may be used for visualization.

Mitral Valve Prolapse - Details

Mitral valve leaflets bulge into the left atrium during systole causing regurgitation.

Mitral Valve Prolapse - Diagnosis

Echocardiogram.

Mitral Valve Prolapse - Notes

Often produces a clicking sound and systolic murmur.