AP Human🧑🏻‍🦳 ✨Midterm✨

What is a physical map

A map that shows physical features

What is a relief map?

Map that dramatizes physical features

What is a political map?

* map that shows boundaries,labels,names,people etc

What is a world map?

Map that shows the entire world(landmasses and bodies of water)

Regional Map

* connections and similarities in a certain region
* Ex: South Florida

What is a national map?

* a map that only shows one country

What is a local map?

* a local map is a large-scale map that shows a small area in great detail

What is a reference map?

* its a map that one refers to a map to find a specific location

What is a mobility map?

A map that shows movement(roads,etc)

What is a chloropleth map?

Using colors to demonstrate the theme of the map

* often used for the climate map

What is a dot map?

* uses a little or many dots with a theme
* Population map

What is gradient map?

* uses size/different gradients of color to identify a theme

What is a thematic map?

* any map focused on any specific theme

What is topographic map?

* map that shows elevation(above and below sea level)
* Creates images with lines

What is a contour map?

uses different elevations to create a visual such as a city

What is a homolosive map?

Cuts out a lot of the water and focuses on the land forms

What is a Robinson Projection Map?

* teaches students about the looks of the earth and relationships with the earth
* Often found in classrooms
* Map distorts distance and direction

What is Mercator Projection?

* distort size and shape
* Absolute in distance
* Care about how far away land is and how to get their(Vikings)

What is an Azimuthal Projection?

* see poles
* Everything past equater is distorted

What is a polar projection?

* only shows South Pole to equator
* Only one hemisphere

What is a Landsat?

* land photographed by a satellite

What is cartograph?

Takes a map and inflates a certain area based on a topic

What are the different types of scale?

* Fractional Scale: ratio representing the map measurements: real life measurements (1 inch:24,000 miles)
* Verbal Scale: geographical scope used to analyze and understand the phenomenon (local,national,and globa)

What does the term “Why of Where” describe

The term describes how the primary methodology behind geography is spatial analysis and that two questions make up this methodology.

* Where are things located?
* Why are they located where they are?

Describe the geographical concept of Location.

\
* Refers to the geographical position of people/things on the earth(absolute;latitude,longitude)
* Understanding where something is/should be located and why it is there: Location Theory

What are the two different types of location?

1) absolute location: precise coordinates/ (latitude,longitude)

2) relative location: location of a place or attribute relative to another place or attribute

Describe the geographical concept of Human-Enviornment Interactions.

* relationship between humans and the physical world and how they mutually affect each other
* How people adapt and alter a new place and vice versa

What is culture ecology?

* concerned with culture as a system of adaptation to and alteration of the enviornment

What is enviornmental determinism?

* what you can do is limited by your physical enviornment

What is environmental possibilism?

As humans became more advanced through tecnology and ideas, people overcame what the enviorment determined a certain place to be

Describe the geographical concept of regions.

* similarities between places
* Examples:Human phenomenon(language,religion), Physical Phenomenon(tornadoes and earthquakes)

What is a formal region?

* shared physical/cultural traits(one or more)
* Shares a specific geographical feature Ex: l’arts of China

What is a functional region?

* area with a shared common purposes such as trade
* Shared economical,political,social purpose
* Defined by the fact of how people within a certain region function together politically socially or economically

What is a perceptual region?

* images people carry in their minds of certain people,places,and things
* Can include people and their cultural traits,places and physical traits, and build enviornments
* Involves pictures while vernacular region involves words

What is the “sense of place”?

* The emotions and feeling associated with a certain place

What is perception of a place?

* one develops a perception of a place that they have never been to by reading books,seeing pictures,watching movies,hearing stories,etc

Describe the geographical concept of movement

* mobility of people,goods and ideas
* Migration
* Expresses how people are interconnected

What is diffusion?

* spread of idea,innovation from its hearth(origin) to other people/places

What is spatial interaction?

* degree of connectedness or contact among certain people/places
* Another term for distance-decay
* Dépends on distance between places, accessibility of other places and the transportation/communication connectivity among certain places

What is expansion diffusion?

Innovation or idea that develops in a hearth and remains strong while spreading outward

What is cultural landscape?

* visible imprint of human activity on the land

How does Carl Sauer explain cultural landscape?

* composed of the « forms superimposed on the physical landscape » by human activity

What is sequential occupancy?

* People living in a certain area leave behind some of their culture when they locate

What is GIS?

* Geographical information system
* combine computers hardware and software to analyse And solve geographical problem by layering maps

What is GPS?

* geographical positioning system
* Enables us to find features on Earth accurately
* Location
* Often satellite based

What is remote sensing?

* method that collects data through instruments that are far away from the area being studied
* Examples:satellite,aircrafts, and drones

What is an activity space?

Space we move through routinely

What is a mental map?

* map made from our own personal experiences differs between indivisuals

Describe geographical concept of place

Relationship with the things around you

What is population density?

Measure of total population relative to land area

What is arithmetic population density

Amount of people per square mile of land in a country

What is physiologic population density?

* amount of people per square land of arable land
* More people per square mile
* More accurate than arithmetic population density

What are the four largest population clusters and describe them?

1) East Asia: China,Korea,Japan

2) South Asia: India,Pakistani,Bangladesh

3) Europe

4) North America

What does the term megalopolis mean?

Refer to a huge urban agglomeration such as the one that stretches along the areas of the East coast in the United States and Canada

Who was Thomas Malthus?

* British economist
* He warned the world that about ow the world’s population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it
* Reasoned that food growled linearly and that population grows exponentially

What are problems with Malthus’ theory?

He did not foresee how goods would be spread through globalization and the advancements of new agricultural methods

What are neo-malthusians?

* support Malthus
* Say that overpopulation will cause disaster on earth

What is natrual increase?

* Difference between number of births and deaths in a year. Positive if births exceed deaths and negative if deaths exceed births. Does not include emigration and immigration.

What is the crude birth rate?

Number of live births per year per thousand people

What is crude death rate?

* number of deaths per year per thousand people

What is a dot map?

* used to repersent population distribution
* Each dot on the map represents a certain number of people

What is a doubling time?

The time required for a population to double in size

What is carrying capacity?

The amount of people/animals that a certain area of land can hold

What is total fertility rate?

* the average number of children born to women of childbearing age(15-49)

What replacement level does a country need to keep their stable population?

TFR 2.1

What is the DTM model?

Model suggesting that a country’s birth and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development

Describe the first stage of the DTM model.

* fluctuating birth and death rates
* Low population growth
* Pre agricultural stage to agricultural revolution stage
* Marked by high birth and death rates(plagues and epidemics)

Specific example of DTM first stage

* Europe was hit by bubonic plague and several people died causing low population growth despite high birth rates


* 18th century

What is the third stage of the DTM model?

* **high** birth rates and **rapidly declining** death rates and very **high** natrual increase rates
* “Population explosion” in Europe
* Improvements in medical technology,food,sanitation,healthcare
* Increased life span
* 20th century

Describe stage two of the DTM.

* increasing population growth
* Gradually decreasing deaths and slightly increasing births
* From agriculture to industry
* Machines make work easier
* Second agricultural revolution
* 19th century

Describe the 4th stage of the DTM.

* 21st century
* Low birth rates,low death rates, stable/slowing rates of natural increase
* Happened due to modern contraceptives and more women in the workforce
* Include higher income countries

What do population pyramids repersent?

* Represent certain structures of the population such as age and sex

What are the different types of population pyramids?

1) Chimney/Peripheral

* poor country
* Workforce starts young at age 10
* Short life span/only live till late 40s
* Need a lot of children to take care of the few adults by working

2) Inverted Pyramid

* Japan
* Elderly is the biggest portion as the population isn’t having many children
* Issue as there is no future workforce

3) Normal/Perfect

4)round vase

* rural/farming
* Dependent on agriculture
* Central America/Asian countries

5) Vase

* dependent on industry
* Wealthy countries
* Big workforce and smaller youth

What is infant mortality rate?

Probability that a child will die before the age of 1

What is child mortality rate?

probability a child will die when between the ages of 1-5

What is life expectancy?

* Average number of years a person is supposed to live for
* Differs between men and women

What is HIV/AIDS impact in Africa?

* many people are dieing due to this
* Shortened people’s life span in Africa
* Affected Africa’s economy and the amount of people that are able to work
* Began to spread to other countries

What causes infectious diseases?

* resulting from an invasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body


* infects youths weak immune system

What is an endemic?

A disease that prevails over a very small area

What is a epidemic?

A disease that spreads throughout one country

What is a pandemic?

A disease that has spread to more than one country

What is a vectored infectious disease?

* A disease transmitted by a carrier with disease from person to person
* Ex: Example:

1) a mosquito stings a person that is infected with malaria

2)The mosquito sucks up some of that blood along with parasities that reach the bug’s saliva

3)These mosquitos’s then sting someone else and the disease is injected into someone’s blood stream

4)Now that person develops malaria as the parasites grow in the infected person’s body

What is an expansive population policy?

Policy that encourages large families and raises the rate of natrual increase

Expansive Policies in Europe

* Ulyanovsk Provice held a national day of conception(Russia)
* More companies such as France and widen began promoting gender equality and boosting fertility rates by adopting family friendly policies
* Offered tas incentives,job leaves,etc to parents
* More women were in the work force meaning less kids meaning less future workers leading to these policies

What is a eugenic policy and give an example.

* Policies designed to discourage/ostracize different groups of people from having children
* In the Holocast the Nazi’s targeted the Jewish population from reproducing as they wanted to get rid of them

What is a restrictive policy and give an example.

* policies designed to restrict a population’s birth/fertility rate
* Example: China’s one-child policy restricts how many children the citizens of China were able to have by penalizing them

What is cyclic movement?

Describes a regular journey that begins at a certain place and returns to the same place in a short period of time

Cyclic movement examples

* going from home to school and going back home again

What is periodic movement?

a longer period of time away from the home base than cyclic movement but still coming home eventually

Periodic movement example

Going home to college for a long period of time then going home to spring break

What is nomadism?

* way of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place but move cyclically or periodically
* Move around based on trade and carry goods to places to trade

What is transhumance?

* a specialized form of pastoralism that is practiced on a mountain when ranchers move livestock to move up and down the mountain during summer months and winter months

What is migration?

Intent to make a permanent move to a destination different from starting point

What is international migration?

* Intent to cross some country border to permanently reside somewhere else outside of the country’s borders

What is internal migration?

* leave one place with internet to permantley reside somewhere else within the same country

What is immigration?

Crossing a border and entering a country

What is emmigration

Crossing a countries’ borders to leave that country

What is forced migration?

* Migration imposed on a group of people from one place to another
* Jewish people in Germany were forced to flee during the holocaust as their lives were in danger