Unit 4 AP Psychology: Learning

Associative learning

Associative learning

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

ivan pavlov

psychologist who trained dogs to salivate at sound of bell

neutral stimulus

stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning (meant nothing before conditioning took place)

unconditioned response

naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus (salivating because of food)

unconditioned stimulus

stimulus that unconditionally or naturally and automatically triggers a response (the dog food)

conditioned response

learned response to a previously neutral stimuli (salivating because of the bell)

conditioned stimulus

previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditional stimulus, come to trigger a conditioned or learned response (the bell)

extinction

getting rid of a learned response but not pairing stimuli (Pavlov rings bell and no longer gives food)

spontaneous recovery

random recovery of a response

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to stimulus

higher- order conditioning

procedure in which a new NS is paired with existing CS without needing US

(pavlov started showing a light when ringing the bell and dogs began to salivate at the ligth too)

not as strong

generalization

generalizing the conditioned stimulus to other similar stimuli

(little albert became afraid of anything white and fluffy)

discrimination

telling the difference between two stimuli

(no one moves when a principal talks over the loudspeaker because we can tell the difference between the sound of a bell and voice)

operant conditioning

orgainisms learn to associate their own actions with concequences and rewards

rewards work better than punishments

BF skinner

founder of operant conditioning

behaviorist psychologist

John Garcia

Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.

operant chamber

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

Law of effect

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

edward thorndike

did research on law of effect

shaping

SHAPE BEHAVIOR

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward close and close approximation of desired behavior

successive approximations

rewards for each thing you do until you get closer.

(giving a rat food each step he takes towards a desired stimulus)

primary reinforcer

biological needs- food

secondary reinforcer

conditioned need- money

positive reinforcement

reward giving positive stimulus- getting money for walking dog

negative reinforcement

reward reducing negative stimulus- not having to take out trash

positive punishment

adding negative stimulus- getting speed ticket

negative pumishment

taking away positive stimulus- no phone

albert bandura

bobo the clown experiment

made kids watch adults beat up an inflatable clown toy

observational learning

learning by watching others

modeling

being shown a behavior and trying to imitate it

mirror meurons

neurons in the frontal lobe that mirror others observational actions which allows us to learn by watching

latent learning

learning that takes place without realization

(picking up on Russian in the house)

cognitive map

a mental visual representation of one's environment

rats learned layout of maze

(discovered by edward tolman)

bobo the doll experiment

made kids watch adults beat up an inflatable clown toy

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

rewarding every time you get a question right

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

responses are sometimes reinforces, sometimes not

fishermen dont get a fish every cast

fixed ratio schedule

providing a reinforcer after a specified number of responses

get 10th coffee free

variable ratio schedule

providing a reinforcer after random number of responses

fixed- interval schedule

provides a reinforcer after a specific time period has passed

$13/hour

variable interval schedule

provides reinforcement at raondom times

flash sale websites

random notifications

Edward Tolman

cognitive psychologist; latent learning and cognitive map