Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up of hydrogen and carbon.

Alkanes

• Are the simplest organic compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only

• They have a general formula : C(n)H(2n +2)

Wurtz Reaction

Wurtz reaction: alkyl halides on treatment with sodium metal in dry ether solution give higher alkanes

Kolbe’s electrolytic method

Kolbe's electrolytic method: here sodium or potassium aqueous solution salt of carbolic acid is electrolyzed. Alkanes are obtained at the anode. 

Aromatization

Process of converting aliphatic & acyclic hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of suitable catalysts at high pressure & high temperature.

Alkenes

Alkenes are hydrocarbons in which carbon has a double bond in their molecule.

Lindler’s Catalyst

Lindler's catalyst - Partially deactivated palletized charcoal.

Alkynes

• Are characterized by the presence of a triple bond in the molecule.

• Their general formula is C(n)H(2n-2)

Haloalkane and Haloarene

• Haloalkane. → Replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in an aliphatic hydrocarbon by halogen atom (s) 

• Haloarene → Replacement of hydrogen atom (s) in an acyclic hydrocarbon by halogen atom (s) results in the formation of haloarene or aryl halide.

Aldehyde and Ketone

Aldehyde: The carbonyl group is attached to one hydrogen atom and one alkyl or aryl group.

Ketone: The carbonyl group is attached to two alkyl/aryl groups

Alcohol and Phenol

•  Alcohols: are formed when an H atom in aliphatic hydrocarbon (straight chain) is replaced by -OH.

• Phenols are formed when an H atom in aromatic hydrocarbon (ring hydrocarbon, is replaced by -OH.

Ethers

Ethers are formed when the H atom in a hydrocarbon is replaced by an alkoxy or aryloxy group

Amines

Amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atom is replaced by an alkyl group