ap psych

Which of the following research findings has demonstrated partial support for the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Chinese-speaking children learn to count from 11 to 20 more easily than English-speaking children, who have to learn unique names for those numbers

The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:

We fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist

Dr. Mendoza is studying the mental strategies people use when solving problems. Dr. Mendoza is clearly a(n):

cognitive psychologist

A mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):

concept

Experts in a given field prefer heuristics to algorithms because heuristics:

often save time

If we know that all dogs have tails, and thus poodles must have tails, we are demonstrating ___________ reasoning.

deductive

The conjunction fallacy is a tendency to:

Believe that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:

Look for information that is consistent with one's beliefs

A common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to:

Accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opinions

Mental sets and functional fixedness are types of:

fixation

A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily other instances of the event are available in memory is called the:

Availability heuristic

The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:

cognition

David and Alice plan to vacation in Florida. They figure out the total cost of the trip and then decide how much money they will have to put aside each week in order to be able to pay for their holiday. David and Alice are using:

The working backward heuristic

When Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip she used her down-jacket as a substitute pillow. In this situation Janice:

Was not constrained by functional fixedness

Complete the following analogy: rose is to flower as ____________ is to ____________.

Prototype is to concept

A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts and the steps to follow is an example of a(n):

algorithm

Which of the following is an example of the use of heuristics?

Playing chess using a defensive strategy that has often been successful for you

During a televised political debate, the Republican and Democratic candidates each argued that the results of a recent public opinion poll supported their party's platform regarding sexual harassment. Because both candidates saw the information as supporting their belief, it is clear that both were victims of:

confirmation bias

Which of the following has been argued by critics of ape language research?

All of the above have been argued

Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimpanzees can acquire language because the chimps have not shown the ability to:

Use syntax in communicating

Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates:

overconfidence

Failing to see that an article of clothing can be inflated as a life preserver is an example of:

functional fixedness

A prototype is a:

Best example of a particular category

When the word "oat" is changed to the word "boat," the number of:

Phonemes increases, but the number of morphemes stays the same

You hear that one of the Smith children is an outstanding Little League player and you immediately conclude that it's their son rather than any of their four daughters. You reached your quite possibly erroneous conclusion as the result of:

The representativeness heuristic

Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered by:

a mental set

Rudy is 6 feet tall, weighs 210 pounds, and is very muscular. If you think that Rudy is more likely to be a basketball player than a computer programmer , you are a victim of:

The representativeness heuristic

A, an and ill are all examples of:

morphemes

Raul is taking the SAT and he has just answered "A" to seven consecutive questions. He is convinced that if the answers are random this shouldn't happen, so he changes one of his answers to "B" and one to "D." Raul is showing evidence of:

The gambler's fallacy

Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people's decisions are being influenced by:

The availability heuristic

Assume that Congress is considering revising its approach to welfare and to this end is hearing a range of testimony. A member of Congress who uses the availability heuristic would be most likely to:

Base his or her ideas on the most vivid, memorable testimony given

Most people tend to:

Overestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments

With regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as "75 percent lean" than to one referring to its "25 percent fat" content. This is an example of:

the framing effect

Which one of the following illustrates belief perseverance?

Your belief remains intact even in the face of evidence to the contrary

The rules most directly involved in permitting a person to derive meaning from words and sentences are rules of:

semantics

The sentence "blue jeans wear false smiles" has correct __________ but incorrect __________.

Semantics; syntax

The sentence "blue jeans wear false smiles" has correct __________ but incorrect __________.

Semantics; syntax

A person who hears a recording of Japanese, Spanish and North American children babbling would:

Not be able to tell them apart

Skinner and other behaviorists have argued that language development is the result of

imitation, Reinforcement, Association

Which of the following utterances is an example of the overregularization of a grammatical rule?

We goed to the store

Which of the following is not cited by Chomsky as evidence that language acquisition cannot be explained by learning alone?

Children raised in isolation from language spontaneously begin speaking words

Whorf's linguistic determination hypothesis states that:

Our language shapes our thinking

The linguistic determinism hypothesis is challenged by the finding that:

People with no word for a certain color can still perceive that color accurately

The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to pull a longer stick into his cage. He then used the longer stick to reach a piece of fruit. Researchers hypothesized that Sultan's discovery of the solution to his problem was the result of

insight

Researchers who are convinced that animals can think point to evidence that:

Monkeys demonstrate the ability to "count" by learning to touch pictures of objects in ascending numerical order, Chimpanzees regularly use branches, stones and other objects as tools in their natural habitats, Chimpanzees invent grooming and courtship customs and pass them on to their peers

Researchers taught the chimpanzee Washoe and the gorilla Koko to communicate by using:

sign language

Many people were convinced that Jared had psychic abilities after he identified the park where the body of a missing person was eventually found. However, they failed to take into account the hundreds of times he made false predictions. This illustrates

confirmation bias

A natural concept is:

A mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experiences

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by:

An inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules

In general, toddlers can:

Understand more words than they can say

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is later used is:

Encoding - storage - retrieval

Jorge listens attentively to the State of the Union Address and translates the information into new memories. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Jorge is able to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time is:

encoding

Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is:

storage

Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's error in recall suggests that she had encoded the original word list:

structurally

A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called:

a semantic code

Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail and hate." Later, he recalled these words as: "log, whale and late." Xavier's error in recall suggests that he had encoded the original word list:

Phonemically

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

Knowing how to ride a bicycle

Which type of memory can a person use to keep the flow of conversation going by allowing the person to remember what was just said?

Echoic memory

Elaboration involves:

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Karina is given a list of words to memorize so she forms a mental image for each word on the list. Calvin is given the same list of words, however, he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a test of memory:

Karina will recall more words than Calvin

Self-referent encoding involves:

Making the material personally meaningful

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory proposes that memory has:

Sensory, short-term and long-term stores

When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ______ memory until you write it in to your notes.

short-term

Jade rearranges the letter HI TRE DBA T into "hit red bat." This is an example of:

chunking

Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called:

A flashbulb memory

Meredith is trying to memorize the various eras and periods in the geologic table. She begins by memorizing the Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic as three eras. She then memorizes the three periods from the Cenozoic, the three periods from the Mesozoic and the six periods from the Paleozoic. Meredith's method of organizing the material she is trying to remember illustrates the concept of:

Conceptual hierarchies

Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description he mentioned that there were two diplomas on the wall, despite the fact that there are no diplomas displayed in his doctor's office. Brock's error in recall illustrates:

The role of schemas in long-term memory

Connectionist models of memory tend to be based on:

How neural networks handle information

The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon refers to:

Recalling something without being able to verbalize it

Tyler witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking, and had never crossed the center line, Tyler tells the investigator that the car had been "weaving all over the road." Tyler's faulty recall illustrates:

misinformation effect

Gregory is telling Molly a joke when she suddenly stops to tell him that she had told him the same joke last week. In this example, Gregory:

Has apparently made a source-monitoring error

An essay exam is most similar to the _______ method of measuring retention.

recall

You move into a new house & memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old phone number. This is an example of

Retroactive interference

Proactive interference occurs when:

Previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information

Which of the following terms is synonymous with "motivated forgetting"?

repression

Dave is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in the loss of memory for events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of:

Retrograde amnesia

Procedural memory:

Is memory for actions, skills and operations

Sarah can remember the names of the first two people she was introduced to at Ted's birthday party, as well as the names of the last two people she met; however, the names of the dozen or so people in between are gone. This is an example of:

serial position effect

If you read a book when you are feeling sad, you are most likely to remember the details of the book:

when you are feeling sad

Sarah did not pay attention to Jamal when he was speaking. As a result, Sarah "forgot" what Jamal had said. Sarah's experience is an example of:

encoding failure

To ensure proper retrieval of the math concepts you learned in class, the best place to take your final exam for math is:

The math classroom, in the same seat you've been assigned to all year

Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's error in recall suggests that she had encoded the original word list:

structurally

Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's error in recall suggests that she had encoded the original word list:

structurally

A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called:

a semantic code

A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called:

a semantic code

Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail and hate." Later, he recalled these words as: "log, whale and late." Xavier's error in recall suggests that he had encoded the original word list:

Phonemically

Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail and hate." Later, he recalled these words as: "log, whale and late." Xavier's error in recall suggests that he had encoded the original word list:

Phonemically

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

Knowing how to ride a bicycle

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

Knowing how to ride a bicycle

Which type of memory can a person use to keep the flow of conversation going by allowing the person to remember what was just said?

Echoic memory

Which type of memory can a person use to keep the flow of conversation going by allowing the person to remember what was just said?

Echoic memory

Elaboration involves:

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Elaboration involves:

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Karina is given a list of words to memorize so she forms a mental image for each word on the list. Calvin is given the same list of words, however, he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a test of memory:

Karina will recall more words than Calvin

Karina is given a list of words to memorize so she forms a mental image for each word on the list. Calvin is given the same list of words, however, he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a test of memory:

Karina will recall more words than Calvin

Self-referent encoding involves:

Making the material personally meaningful

Self-referent encoding involves:

Making the material personally meaningful

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory proposes that memory has:

Sensory, short-term and long-term stores

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory proposes that memory has:

Sensory, short-term and long-term stores

When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ______ memory until you write it in to your notes.

short-term