lbyzool, lab exam 2 (activities 5 - 6)

tissue

aggregations of cells with similar shape, function, and intercellular components

four basic types of tissues

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

organs

tissues combine to form this kind of structure

histology

study of microscopic structure of tissues

epithelial tissue

composed of tightly packed cells with very little intercellular substance

epithelial tissue

covers the outer surface and inner lining of the body (for covering)

epithelial tissue

principal tissue of the glands

epithelial tissue characteristics

shapes, layers, presence of a basement membrane and apical surface, specializations on apical surface, coherent intercellular adhesions

shape types of epithelial tissue

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

layer types of epithelial tissue

simple & stratified

simple

one single layer of cells

stratified

two or more layers of cells

simple squamous

thin and rectangular in profile

simple squamous

arranged closely to form a thin sheet

simple squamous

seen in the mesentery (mesothelium) and in the inner lining of the blood vessels (endothelium)

simple cuboidal

appear box-like or cube-like with more or less equal height & width

simple cuboidal

seen in the thyroid follicles of the kidney

simple columnar

tall and slender with darkly stained nuclei more or less at the same level

simple columnar

seen in the villi of the frog intestine

villi

finger-like projections on the surface of the intestine

goblet cells

"pitcher-like" mucus glands seen among the simple columnar cells

stratified squamous

shapes range from flattened cells at the uppermost/superficial layer, and to cuboidal and columnar cells towards the deeper/more basal layers

stratified squamous

basal most layer lying upon the basal membrane is thrown into folds

stratified squamous

seen in the epidermis of frogs

transitional

shape of the surface cells vary depending on the degree of distention

distention

stretching

transitional

seen in the human urinary bladder

superficial layer of cells are round while deeper layer of cells are cuboidal and columnar

empty bladder

superficial layer of cells are large squamous while deeper layers are cuboidal

filled bladder

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

all cells are in contact with the basement membrane but not the apical surface

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

cells vary in shape (some have broad bases while others have thin bases with wide parts towards the surface) with the nuclei being on the wider parts

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

was thought to be stratified due to the different positions of the nuclei per cell (gave the false impression of stratification)

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

found in the human trachea, take note of the cilia on its apical surface

cilia

hair-like projections that move debris out of the airways

connective tissue

diverse group of tissues that maintain and support the body

connective tissue

its main component is the extracellular matrix

extracellular matrix composition

protein fibers, amorphous ground substance, and tissue fluid

types of connective tissue

proper, with special properties, supporting

connective tissue proper types

loose and dense

loose connective tissue

also called areolar tissue

loose connective tissue

has three types of protein fibers

protein fibers

collagen, elastic, reticular

collagen

white, thick, and wavy fibers

elastic

yellow, thin, and taut fibers

reticular

extremely thin fibers that tend to form branching networks

loose connective tissue

contains almost all cell types but fibroblasts are most numerous and easy to find

fibroblasts

spindle-shaped cells with large ovoid nuclei

dense connective tissue

collagen is the predominant fiber

dense connective tissue

collagen is arranged parallel to each other

dense connective tissue

contains fewer cell types but fibroblasts are still the most numerous

dense connective tissue

tendon

tendon

attaches muscle to bone

connective tissue with special properties

adipose tissue & blood

adipose tissue

thin ring of cytoplasm surrounding a large vacuole left by dissolved lipid droplets

adipose tissue

flattened nuclei are seen at the periphery of the cell

adipose tissue

cells are called adipocytes

blood

composed of formed elements and a fluid matrix

blood's fluid matrix

plasma

blood's formed elements

erythrocytes, leucocytes, & thrombocytes

erythrocytes

red blood cells

erythrocytes in mammals

do not have nucleus

erythrocytes

biconcave and tend to form aggregates

leucocytes

white blood cells

types of leucocytes

granulocytes & agranulocytes

leucocytes

have a nucleus

granulocytes

granulated cytoplasm

types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

neutrophils

nucleus has 3 or more lobes

neutrophils

most abundant in the blood

eosinophils

bilobed nucleus

basophils

u or j shaped nucleus

agranulocytes

non-granulated cytoplasm

types of agranulocytes

lymphocytes & monocytes

lymphocytes

small round cells with an indented nucleus and a thin rim of cytoplasm

monocytes

larger cells with more cytoplasm & a round, eccentric nuclei

thrombocytes

platelets

thrombocytes

fragments of megakaryocyte

megakaryocyte

large bone marrow cell

supporting tissue

cartilage & bone

cartilage cells are called

chondrocytes

cartilage

occupies a lacuna

lacuna

cavity filled with tissue fluid

cartilage

does not have nerves or blood vessels so it relies on diffusion for nourishment

types of cartilage are classified by

bases of the amount of extracellular matrix and predominant fibers

types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

collagen fibers are predominant, lacunae with chondrocytes may appear singly or in groups, surrounds the perichondrium

perichondrium

dense connective tissue capsule

hyaline cartilage is found in

nose, larynx, trachea, & bronchi

elastic cartilage

numerous fine elastic fibers in matrix, lacunae with chondrocytes appear closely packed

elastic cartilage is found in

external ear, epiglottis, larynx, & walls of the auditory tube

fibrocartilage

has irregular & dense bundles of collagen fibers arranged in a parallel manner, lacunae with chondrocytes appear in rows, perichondrium is not identifiable

bone

hard calcified matrix deposited with inorganic salts

bone

rich in blood vessels and nerves

bone

lined by layers of osteogenic/bone-forming cells on both internal & external surfaces

bone cells are called

osteocytes

haversian system

makes up the bone

haversian systems are also called

osteons

parts of the haversian system

haversian canal, interstitial lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi

haversian canal

osteon's central canal

interstitial lamellae

concentrically arranged collagen bundles that surround the haversian canal