CA (PEDIA; 10/07/2023)

Growth

Increase in the physical size of an individual; a quantitative change.

Parameters

weight and height:Measures used to track growth.

Weight

The most sensitive measure of growth.

Height

Increases by 1" per month during the first 6 months.

Development

Increase in skills or capability to function; a qualitative change; maturation or "readiness."

Parameters

task completion:Measure used to track development.

Fine motor

Indicator of development related to small muscle movements.

Gross motor

Indicator of development related to large muscle movements.

Language

Indicator of development related to communication skills.

Social skills

Indicator of development related to interaction with others.

Cognitive development

Ability to learn & understand from experience, acquire and retain knowledge, respond to new situations, and solve problems.

Principles of Growth & Development

Continuous processes, individual variation, orderly sequence, asynchronous development.

RATES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Different rates during different stages.

Fetal & infancy

Most rapid growth and development; at risk for anemia.

Toddler

Physiologic anemia due to being picky eaters.

Toddler and preschool

Alternating rapid & slow growth.

School age

Slower growth; least prone to anemia.

Adolescence

Rapid growth due to puberty.

FACTORS OF GROWTH

Hereditary and environmental factors.

DIRECTIONAL TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT

Cephalocaudal, Proximodistal, Symmetrical on Each Side, Mass-Specific, Gross to Refined, Sequential, Locomotion, Social, Neonatal Reflexes.

CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT

Behavior, Play, Practice, Time, Reflexes.

DIVISION OF LIFE

Prenatal, Preschool, Neonate, School Age, Infancy, Adolescence, Toddler.

DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

Psychosocial (Erikson), Psychosexual (Freud), Cognitive (Piaget), Moral (Kohlberg).

SIGNS OF SEXUAL MATURITY

Girls and Boys.

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES

Infancy, Toddler, Pre-schooler, School Age, Adolescent.

IMMEDIATE CARE OF NEWBORN

Initiation and Maintenance of Respiration, Establishing Extra-Uterine Circulation, 3 SHUNTS.

Ductus Venosus

A shunt between the umbilical vein and vena cava.

Foramen Ovale

A shunt between the left and right atrias of the heart.

Ductus Arteriosus

A shunt between the pulmonary artery and aorta.

Control of Body Temperature (Temperature Regulation)

The goal is to maintain a temperature not less than 36.5°C (97.7°F) to prevent hypothermia and stress.

Factors leading to hypothermia

Immaturity, preterm or SGA babies, inadequate subcutaneous fat, wetness, and inability to shiver.

Types of heat loss

Convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation.

Prevention of Hypothermia

Dry and wrap the baby, use a radiant warmer, prevent unnecessary exposure, kangaroo care.

Physiology of breast milk production

Prolactin stimulates acinar cells and alveoli to produce milk, while oxytocin triggers the "milk ejection reflex" or "let-down reflex."

Advantages of breastfeeding

Economical, bonding, uterine involution, higher IQ, antibodies.

Disadvantages of breastfeeding

Possibility of transmission of infections, lack of iron.

Stages of Breast Milk

Colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk.

Types of stool

Meconium, transitional stool, breastfed stool, bottle-fed stool, and supplementary stool.

APGAR SCORE

A scoring parameter used to assess the well-being of a newborn based on appearance, pulse rate, grimace, activity, and respiration.

Routine Newborn Care in the Nursery

Standard care procedures for newborns in the nursery.

Vaccine and Injections

Administration of vaccines and injections to newborns.

Physical Assessment

Evaluation of various body parts for normal and abnormal findings.

Cerebral Palsy

A neuromuscular disorder characterized by a lack of muscle coordination.

Hydrocephalus

Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space.

Neural Tube Defect

Complete closure of the spinal column during development.

Seizures

Involuntary contractions of muscles caused by abnormal electrical brain discharges.

Meningitis

Infection of the cerebral meninges.

Sickle Cell Anemia

A genetic disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped.

Sickle Cell Crisis

Clumping of hemoglobin, replacement of Hemoglobin A with Hemoglobin S, causes pain, tachycardia, murmurs, cardiomegaly, chest pain, dyspnea, and jaundice.

Hemophilia

Disorder in blood coagulation, prone to bleeding, caused by sex-linked recessive trait, types include Type A (factor VIII), Type B (Christmas disease), and Type C (Factor XI).

Leukemia

Abnormal proliferation of immature WBC, cancer in the blood, causes low RBC production, low platelets, low mature WBC, symptoms include pallor, low-grade fever, bleeding, infection, diagnosed through bone marrow aspiration.

Ventricular Septal Defect

Opening between right and left ventricle, symptoms include sweating during feeding, tachypnea, failure to thrive, diagnosed through 2D echo and chest x-ray.

Atrial Septal Defect

Opening between right and left atrium, symptoms include swelling of legs and feet, palpitations, neck vein distention, diagnosed through 2D echo and chest x-ray.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Opening between pulmonary artery and aorta, symptoms include tachypnea, diaphoresis, difficulty feeding, diagnosed through 2D echo and chest x-ray.

Coarctation in the Aorta

Narrowing of the aorta, symptoms include high BP in upper extremities, low BP in lower extremities, diagnosed through 2D echo and chest x-ray.

Tetralogy of Fallot

4 structural problems (VROP), symptoms include overall cyanosis, tet spells, clubbing of fingers, diagnosed through 2D echo and chest x-ray.

Transposition of Great Arteries

Right ventricle-aorta systemic, left ventricle-pulmonary artery-pulmonary circulation, diagnosed through 2D echo and chest x-ray.

Truncus Arteriosus

One trunk for pulmonary artery and aorta, noted with VSD, diagnosed through 2D echo and chest x-ray.

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Autoimmune inflammatory disease of connective tissue, caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, symptoms include musculoskeletal, cardiac muscle, skin, and CNS involvement, diagnosed through Jones criteria and blood tests.

Asthma

Hypersensitive response to allergens causing inflammation of the airway, symptoms include wheezing on expiration, central cyanosis, inflammation, bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, diagnosed through history taking and pulmonary function tests.

Status asthmaticus

A severe asthma attack in which no medication is effective, requiring emergency treatment.

Carbon dioxide narcosis

A condition in which high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood can lead to lack of oxygen in the brain, potentially causing death.

Mechanical ventilation

The use of a machine to assist with breathing by delivering oxygen to the lungs.

Swimming

The recommended sport for individuals with asthma due to the moist air and low impact on the respiratory system.

Bronchodilator

Medication that helps to relax and open the airways, relieving symptoms of asthma.

Albuterol

A bronchodilator used to prevent bronchospasm in mild cases of asthma.

Cromolyn sodium

A mast cell stabilizer used in combination with albuterol to treat moderate cases of asthma.

Corticosteroid

Medication used to reduce inflammation in severe asthma cases, given in combination with bronchodilators.

IV fluids

Intravenous fluids administered to maintain hydration in individuals with asthma.

Metered dose inhaler (MDI)

A device used to deliver a specific dose of medication directly into the lungs.

Upright position

Sitting or standing position that helps to open up the airways and facilitate breathing.

Exhale completely

Fully exhaling the air from the lungs before using a metered dose inhaler.

Attach MDI to mouth

Placing the mouthpiece of the metered dose inhaler in the mouth before inhaling the medication.

Press and inhale

Act of pressing the canister of the metered dose inhaler while inhaling to release the medication into the lungs.

Hold breath 5-10 seconds

Holding the breath for a few seconds after inhaling the medication to allow it to reach the airways.

Exhale slowly

Slowly exhaling the air from the lungs after using a metered dose inhaler.

Oral thrush

A side effect of corticosteroids characterized by the presence of white patches in the mouth caused by a fungal infection.

Gargle after administration

Rinsing the mouth with water after taking corticosteroids to reduce the risk of oral thrush.

Cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder characterized by the production of thick, sticky fluid in the lungs, digestive system, and reproductive system.

Steatorrhea

Excessive amount of fats in the stool due to the absence of pancreatic enzymes in individuals with cystic fibrosis.

Absent pancreatic enzymes

Lack of enzymes, such as lipase and amylase, in the pancreas of individuals with cystic fibrosis.

Diabetes

High glucose levels in the blood vessels due to prolonged absence of pancreatic enzymes in individuals with cystic fibrosis.

Meconium ileus

Inability to pass the first stool or constipation in newborns with cystic fibrosis due to the thick consistency of the stool.

Sweat test

Diagnostic test to measure the concentration of sodium chloride in sweat, with high levels indicating cystic fibrosis.

Pulmonary hygiene

Principle of liquifying, mobilizing, and expectorating tenacious secretions to maintain lung health in individuals with cystic fibrosis.

High protein, high calorie, low fat diet

Nutritional management for individuals with cystic fibrosis to support growth and prevent malnutrition.

Bronchodilators

Medications used to relax and open the airways in individuals with cystic fibrosis.

Synthetic pancreatic enzymes (Cotaym)

Medication given after meals to replace the absent pancreatic enzymes in individuals with cystic fibrosis.

In Vitro Fertilization

A reproductive technique used to assist individuals with cystic fibrosis in achieving pregnancy.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Sudden death of a healthy infant less than 1 year old, often associated with sleeping position and other risk factors.

Supine position

Sleeping position on the back recommended to reduce the risk of SIDS.

Firm mattress

A firm sleeping surface recommended to reduce the risk of SIDS.

No toys, blankets, or pillows

Avoiding the use of soft objects in the crib to reduce the risk of SIDS.

Avoid smoking

Eliminating exposure to tobacco smoke, a known risk factor for SIDS.

No co-bedding

Avoiding sharing the same bed with the infant to reduce the risk of SIDS.

Foreign body aspiration

Inhalation of a foreign object into the airway, which can cause choking and airway obstruction.

Back thrusts

Technique used to dislodge a foreign object in the airway of an infant, involving quick back blows between the shoulder blades.

Subdiaphragmatic abdominal thrusts

Technique used to dislodge a foreign object in the airway of a child, involving forceful thrusts to the abdomen.

Cleft lip

Congenital anomaly characterized by a split or opening in the upper lip.

Cleft palate

Congenital anomaly characterized by a split or opening in the roof of the mouth.