BIO-1023-02 TEST 1 - Burkhead

How do plants affect humans?

-Provide oxygen (photosynthesis)
-protection (shelter, firewood, soil stabilization
-mental impact (food,flowers,fragrance)
-plants can kill or hurt (poison, spines, allergies)

How are people important to plants?

-Cultivation
-Erosion
-Conservation
-Deforestation

Define plants.

photosynthetic organisms that produce their own food

What are the categories of plants?

-Angiosperms (flower plants)
- Cycads
-Conifers (trees)
-Byrophates (mosses)
-Ferns

What are not plants?

-Mushrooms
-Corals

What are the 3 parts of a plant?

-roots
-stem
-leaves

What is a node?

the point on a stem at which a leaf attaches

What is an internode?

portion of stem between two nodes

What is the purpose of a leaf?

- To carry out photosynthesis and produce sugars. (vascular tissues)

What is a shoot?

stem and leaves

What are the two types of modified shoots?

- tendrils
- leaf succulents

What is the function of a root

To absorb water and nutrients from the soil, support the shoot, and to make hormones

What are the parts of a root (bottom to top)?

- Root cap (root tip, root apical meristem)
- Zone of elongation
- Zone of maturation
- Mature region with lateral roots

What does the root cap do?

Protects the root as it grows through the soil, cells actively divide here

What does the zone of elongation do?

the cells are growing in size

How is the zone of cell division different from the zone of elongation?

- In the zone of cell division the cells are growing in number, rather than size (elongation)

Describe the function of the zone of maturation.

- root hairs are there to take in water and nutrients

what is the mature region with lateral roots?

- the most differentiated/specialized cells, putting out additional roots

Look at Chapter 2 slide 8 diagram

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what are the two types of root systems?

taproot (carrot) and fibrous (wheat)

what are the four parts of a flower?

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

what is the function of sepals?

green leaves that protect a melding flower bud

what is the function of petals?

colorful and fragrant leaves to attract pollinators

what is the stamen?

The male reproductive part of a flower

what is the carpel?

The female reproductive part of a flower (pistil)

What parts make up the carpel?

stigma, style, ovary

what is the stigma?

The sticky surface of the carpel where pollen enters

what is the style?

Tube that connects the stigma to the ovary

what is the ovary?

The part of the pistil containing ovules and eventually maturing into a fruit surrounding the seeds

what are the parts of the stamen, and what do they do?

- anther: where the pollen sets
- filament: upholds the anther

How are animal bodies and plant bodies different?

- animals have more complex organs, diffuse growth: whole body grows (exceptions are nails and hair), determinate organogenesis
- plants have simple organs, localized growth: shoot and apical meristem, vascular and cork cambia (exceptions are leaves and fruits), indeterminate organogenesis- increase reproductive capacity

What is the lifespan of annuals?

less than a year

what is the lifespan of biannuals?

exactly two years

what is the lifespan of perennials?

more than a year

what is the difference between juvenile phase and adult phase?

- juvenile are just growing and surviving
- adult is the reproductive stage

what are the differences between herbaceous plants and woody plants?

- herbaceous do not produce wood, a shoot dies at the end of the season, are annuals and smaller
-woody are perennial, produce wood, bark-covered stem, bigger and stronger

list, from HIGHEST to LOWEST, the levels of biological organization.

-organisms
-organ system
-organs
-tissues
-cells

what did Robert Hooke do?

coined the term "cell" (1665)

what did Leeuwenhoek do?

First to observe living cells in greater detail (1670s)

What did Schleiden do?

All plants are made of cells (1883)

What did Schwann do?

all animals are made of cells (1839)

What did Virchow do?

stated that "all cells must come from preexisting cells" (1858)

What is fertilization?

fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

What is an organelle?

a substructure within the cell

What does the cell wall do?

Maintains cell shell and provides rigid structure, made of cellulose

what surrounds the cytoplasm?

plasma membrane, selectively permeable

What makes cytoplasm and cytosol different?

-cytosol is a liquid
-cytoplasm is jelly-like

what is the most important organelle in the cell?

nucleus (contains DNA)

What does the central vacuole do?

- stores water and waste products in the vacuole
- stores pigments

what are the types of plastids?

proplastids, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyoplasts

what do proplastids do?

shoot-root-apical meristems,double membrane, contains some DNA

What do chloroplasts do?

-converted proplastids in young leaves
-perform photosynthesis

What do chromoplasts do?

store color pigments for fruits and flowers

What do amyloplasts do?

- originate from proplastids
- found in starchy foods (potatoes, yam)
- store starch

What does the mitochondria do?

- last steps of cellular respiration occur here
- abundant in tissues requiring more energy (powerhouse)

Name the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and what they do.

- rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes that make protein
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes lipids

What is the purpose of ribosomes?

protein synthesis

What do microtubules and microfilaments do?

make cytoskeleton and maintain cell structure, moving organelles

Cell Walls, Chloroplasts, Large Central Vacuoles, and plastids are found only in ____________ cells.

plant (i think that's what the question was?)

what is the function of intercellular space

allow gas diffusion and exchange

what are the three different types of plant cells, and describe them.

1. parenchyma- living, no secondary wall
2. colenchyma- living, no secondary wall, in areas of a plant that are still growing
3. sclerenchyma- dead and have a secondary cell wall

what is the purpose of the epidermis?

Outermost layer of the skin that protects and creates a waterproof barrier

What is the stomata?

pores under a leaf that lets gases in and out (CO2 and (O2)

What are guard cells?

They surround the stomata and control the size of the stomata

what is a tricone and its function?

hairs, functions to deter herbivores

What does the xylem do?

transports sugar, water, and minerals

What does the phloem do?

transports sugars, carbohydrates, food

what are the two types of angiosperms?

1. Monocots (means one seed leaf)
2. Dicots (means two seed leaves)

LOOK AT THE PICTURES OF MONOCOT ROOT, DICOT STEM, MONOCOT STEM, AND DICOT ROOT

...

Does the lower or upper epidermis have more stomata?

Lower because it gets less sunshine, upper has hotter area surrounding it bc of sun

What are the two types of mesophyll cells and what are they?

1. palisade- columnar, dense in chloroplasts
2. spongy- large intercellular spaces, rapid gas diffusion (swiss cheese)

Earlywood (Springwood) is...?

wider (yeah I'm not sure what the question was)

what are the differences between heartwood and sapwood?

- sapwood is outermost, living with some conduction
- heartwood is inner, nonliving, nonconducting wood (rot-resistant)