Untitled Flashcard Set

How does temperature affect reaction rate?

Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles, making them move faster, leading to more frequent and energetic collisions, which speeds up the reaction rate.

Why does increasing temperature increase the likelihood of successful collisions?

At higher temperatures, a greater proportion of collisions have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy (𝐄𝐚), increasing the chance of successful collisions. temperature of ___ is higher

2. Average kinetic energy of ___ in experiment 2 is higher

3. Freq of collisions between ___ and __ is higher in experiemnt 2

4. freq of effective collisions is higher in experiemnt 2

5. reaction rate is faster in experiment two

How does pressure affect the reaction rate of gases?

Increasing pressure compresses gas particles into a smaller volume, increasing their concentration, which raises the frequency of collisions and likelihood of successful collisions, speeding up the reaction rate.

How does a catalyst affect a reaction?

A catalyst provides an alternative pathway for the reaction with a lower activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed.

What are examples of catalysts in everyday life?

Enzymes in biological systems, Platinum in catalytic converters, Iron in the Haber process.

How does a catalyst affect activation energy (𝐄𝐚)?

Catalysts reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction, allowing more collisions to result in successful reactions. collisions = particles

catalyst does not lower activation energy-creates another pathway

1. it will always provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy

2. Theyll be a greater proportion of particles that will have energy greater or equal than the activation energy

sketch the graph second graph slide 8

What is a biological catalyst called?

An enzyme.

What does Boyle’s Law state?

At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.

Write the mathematical expression for Boyle’s Law.

P1V1=P2V2

What does Charles’s Law state?

At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (in Kelvin).

Write the mathematical expression for Charles’s Law.

V1/T1 = V2/T2

What does Gay-Lussac’s Law state?

At constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (in Kelvin).

Write the mathematical expression for Gay-Lussac’s Law.

P1/T1 = P2/T2

What does Avogadro’s Law state?

Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles.

Write the mathematical expression for Avogadro’s Law.

V1/n1 = V2/n2

What is the Ideal Gas Law equation?

PV = nRT

In the Ideal Gas Law, what does each symbol represent?

P = Pressure, V = Volume, n = Number of moles, R = Gas constant (8.31 J/mol·K), T = Temperature (Kelvin).

What is an acid according to the Arrhenius definition?

A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) or protons in a solution.

What is a base according to the Arrhenius definition?

A substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in a solution.

What is an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry definition?

A proton (H⁺) donor.

What is a base according to the Brønsted–Lowry definition?

A proton (H⁺) acceptor.

Define strong acid.

A strong acid completely ionises in solution, releasing all of its H⁺ ions.

Define weak acid.

A weak acid partially ionises in solution, releasing only some of its H⁺ ions.

Define strong base.

A strong base completely dissociates in solution, releasing all of its OH⁻ ions.

Define weak base.

A weak base partially dissociates in solution, releasing only some OH⁻ ions.

Give examples of strong acids.

HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄.

Give examples of weak acids.

CH₃COOH, H₂CO₃.

Give examples of strong bases.

NaOH, KOH.

Give examples of weak bases.

NH₃, Mg(OH)₂.

What is the formula for pH?

pH = -log[H⁺]

What is the formula for pOH?

pOH = -log[OH⁻]

What is the relationship between pH and pOH?

pH + pOH = 14.

On the pH scale, what range is acidic?

pH < 7.

On the pH scale, what range is neutral?

pH = 7.

On the pH scale, what range is basic/alkaline?

pH > 7.

What is neutralisation?

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces salt and water.

What is the general equation for neutralisation?

Acid + Base → Salt + Water.

Write the neutralisation equation for HCl and NaOH.

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.

Write the neutralisation equation for H₂SO₄ and KOH.

H₂SO₄ + 2KOH → K₂SO₄ + 2H₂O.

Write the neutralisation equation for HNO₃ and Ca(OH)₂.

2HNO₃ + Ca(OH)₂ → Ca(NO₃)₂ + 2H₂O.

State the first assumption of the kinetic theory of gases.

Gas molecules are in constant random motion.

State the second assumption of the kinetic theory of gases.

The volume of individual gas molecules is negligible compared to the volume of the container.

State the third assumption of the kinetic theory of gases.

There are no intermolecular forces between gas molecules.

State the fourth assumption of the kinetic theory of gases.

Collisions between gas molecules and the container walls are perfectly elastic.

State the fifth assumption of the kinetic theory of gases.

The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature (in Kelvin).