NS 233: Exam 4

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What is a Cataract? What causes one?

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133 Terms

1

What is a Cataract? What causes one?

-opacity within the eye, decrease in vision, abnormal color perception, and glare
-age, trauma, smoking, alcohol use, UV light, medications, and comorbidities

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2

What are nonsurgical therapy, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative cares regarding Cataracts?

Non surgical therapy:

reading glasses, increasing light for the client when they are working

Preoperative: detailed history and physical report (Do we need to stop any meds before the procedure happens)

Intraoperative: client are given meds to relax them so the provider can complete the operation.

Postoperative: Client spends time recovering after the surgery, to make sure everything did in fact go well. Also to make sure the medications wore off.

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3

What are nursing interventions for cataracts?

-sunglasses
-eat vitamin a & e

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4

What is Glaucoma?

increased intraocular pressure that affects the optic nerve it can cause atrophy and peripheral vision loss.

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5

What are nursing interventions for a client with Glaucoma?

-Teaching risk factors, getting regular check ups, etc.
-Visit opthamologist, noninvasive methods to open outflow channels, and how to detect earlier)

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6

What is breakthrough pain?

A sudden increase in pain that may occur in patients who already have chronic pain from cancer, arthritis, fibromyalgia, or other conditions

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7

Define the following terms:

-Transduction

-Transmission

-Perception

-Modulation

Transduction: Tissue damage that results in the release of a chemical mediator

Transmission: action potential that moves along the nerve fiber to get info back to our brain.

Perception: Pain is percieved

Modulation: The release of a substance that inhibits the transmission of the pain impulses

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8

What is nociceptive pain?

-somatic: originates from receptors in skin, bones, muscles, joints, blood vessels; described as dull, aching, well-localized
-visceral: when internal organ swell or become damaged within the body; described as deep, gnawing, cramping, poorly localized

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9

What is neuropathic pain? What are the causes?

the nerves causing a burning hot, shooting, intense pain, can be short lived
causes: alcohol, trauma, etc.

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10

What assesment findings go along with Multiple Sclerosis?

-Blurred/double vision
-Weakness in muscles causing coordination issues
-Trouble swallowing and speaking
-Urinary incontinence (Leads to UTI)
-Short-term Memory problems
-ADL difficulties

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11

How is Multiple Sclerosis dx?

There are no definitve tests for MS

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12

What are helpful interventions regarding Multiple Sclerosis?

-Identify triggers (CLIMATE or infections (UTI, pregnancy, common cold))
-Manage Symptoms (Decrease pain & therapies)
-Avoid stressful events
-Water activities (aerobics)

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13

What does TRAP stand for regarding Parkinson's Disease?

Tremor : (First sign) Pill rolling fingers prominent at rest

Rigidity : Increase in tension while doing passive range of motion, jerky movements, makes client sore/fatigued/tired

Akinesia : Loss of voluntary movement, slow movements, stooped posture, blank facial expression, and shuffling gait

Postural Instability : Cannot stop themselves from falling forward or backwards

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14

What other illnesses may someone with Parkinson's Disease expireince?

-Depression
-Anxiety
-Pain
-Altered sleep pattern

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15

How many meals should someone with Parkinson's Disease have a day?

-Six small meals daily
-Have a well blanced diet w/ fiber/fruit to reduce constipations

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16

What interventions would you implement to help someone with Parkinson's Disease?

-Encouraging client to walk and move around
-Well balanced diet
-Avoiding complications (ex: Having velcro shoes instead of laces)

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17

When is stiffness and fatigue most prominent in a client with Rheumatoid Arthritis?

In the morning! :)

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18

What are interventions to help someone with Rheumatoid Arthritis?

*<b>Alternate rest with activity</b>*
-Protect joints, take rest breaks, alter routine to put less stress on joints
-Prevent repetitive exercizes (use splints)

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19

How is Rheumatoid Arthritis diagnosed?

-Positive rhematoid factor (RF)
-C-reactive protein (CRP)
-Synovial Fluid analysis

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20

What drugs are used for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

-DMARDS
-biologics
-Corticosteroids
-NSAIDS

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21

Rheumatoid Arthritis attacks what size of joints first?

small joints yo

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22

What are the risk factors for cogntition problems?

Age, comorbities, past trauma, and genetics

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23

What are most seisures caused by?

old age

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24

What are the four phases of seizures?

Prodromal phase: Signs or activity that warns a symptom is about to happen This can be a sign hours before a seizure begins. Symptoms include: overly affectionate, depressed, have random headaches
Aural Phase: a sensory warning (happens a few minutes to a few seconds before a seizure begins)
Ictal Phase: seisure activity
Postical phase: the period of recovery

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25

What are assesment findings of seizures?

-Aura
-status epilepticus
-loss of conciuosness
-bowel/bladder incontinence
-tachycardia/diaphoresis
-cyanosis
-muscular rigidity with jerky movements

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26

A seisures should not exceed __ minutes

5, or brain damage can occur

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27

What can be done to protect a client that is prone to seizures?

-having bed in lowest position
-pads on floor to stop them from hitting floor
-clients can wear helmet while moving around

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28

What should the nurse be doing during a seizure?

-ictal: note what makes the seizure onset
-monitor note observe how long the seizure is happening
-maintain patient safety
-get vitals after seizure
-maintain airway

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29

What are the risk factors for bacterial and viral meningitis?

-Depending on season (late fall, winter, and early spring)
-Older adults who are in close living quarters

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30

What are the assesment findings of bacterial and viral meningitis?

-fever/headache
-N/V
-Severe nuchal rigidity (neck stiffness)
-Photophobia
-Decreased LOC, Increased ICP

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31

What is the diagnostic tests for bacterial and viral meningitis?

-CT scan (locates obstructions)
-Lumbar puncture (identify which organism)
-Body fluid cultures (mucus)

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32

What complications arise regarding bacterial and viral meningitis?

-Increased ICP
-Headaches that last months after dx

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33

What are Interprofessional cares for bacterial and viral meningitis?

-Rapid dx is CRUCIAL (100% fatal if not treated)
-When meningitis is suspected, antibiotic therapy is started after sample of CSF is collected AND before diagnosis is confirmed

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34

What are nursing interventions for bacterial and viral meningitis?

-Educate why the patient needs to get vaccines (flu, meningococcal, treat ear/respiratory infections immediately)
-Provide a calm and safe enovirement for the patient
-(A full recovery is expected)

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35

What happens to a person with bacterial and viral meningitis?

They are placed in isolation (droplet precautions) until thier cultures are negative

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36

Should the head of the bed be flat or raised for a client with bacterial and viral meningitis?

The head of the bed should be up so the ICP decreases via gravity

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37

What are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease?

-Genetics/Family hx
-More prominent in women
-Existing cardiovascular problems ( Diabetes, HTN, smoking, high cholesterol)
-Head truma (ever been dx w/ major brain injury)

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38

What are the ealy signs of Alzheimer's disease?

-memory loss that effects job
-difficulty performing familair tasks
-Disorientated to time and place-poor judgement
-misplacing keys
-changes in mood/behavior/personality
-loss of initiative

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39

As Alzheimer's disease progress what symptoms appear?

-Decreased personal hygenie/concentration/attention
-Unpredictable behavior
-Delusions and hallucinations

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40

How is Alzheimer's disease diagnosed?

There are no definitve tests

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41

What are nursing interventions for Alzheimer's disease?

-Encourage client to stay active and eat healthy diet
-Support patient and family
-Asses pain related to behavioral problems
-Ensure not too much stimulation happening around client
-prevent infection
-MONITOR EATING AND SWALLOWING TROUBLES

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42

What are the risk factors for fluid volume deficit?

-Fever
-Fuerosemide (Diuretics)
-Hemorrhage
-Vomiting, NG suction, diarrhea
-Burns and intestinal obstructions

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43

What are the assessment findings for someone with a fluid volume deficit?

-Dry Mucous Membrane
-Increased pulse
-Decreased urine output
-Postural Hypotension
-Weight loss
-Restless/Drowsy

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44

What are the risk factors for fluid volume excess?

-Excessive IV fluid administration
-Heart/Renal failure
-SIADH (syndrome of innapropriate antidiuretic hromone)

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45

What are the assesment findings for someone with fluid volume excess?

-Peripheal edema
-Bounding pulse
-Increased BP
-Polyuria
-Dyspnea and crackles
-Weight gain

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46

If you restrict sodium what increases in the body?

Water

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47

What are the assesment findings of Hypernatremia?

Nuerological changes

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48

What are the nursing interventions for Hyponatremia?

-Correct underlying problem
-Monitor sodium level
-Fluid restrictiom
-Sodium replacement (Increase sodium in diet)

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49

Hypernatremia can cause what? Hyponatremia can cause what?

-Fluid volume deficit (hypovolemia), due to the inverse relationship sodium has w/ water -Fluid volume excess (hypervolemia)

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50

What are the risk factors for Hypernatremia?

-Excessive sodium intake (IV, tube feedings)
-Inadequate water intake
-Excessive water loss (diarrhea)

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51

What are the assesment findings of Hyperkalemia?

cardiac changes

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52

What are nursing interventions for Hyperkalemia?

- Stop IV fluid infusions of potassium
- Monitor ECG
- Correct underlying problem
- Monitor potassium levels

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53

What are the risk factors for Hypokalemia?

-GI loss
-Diuretics use
-Diaphoresis
-Dialysis/starvation

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54

What loop diuretic is used to treat Hyperkalemia?

Furosemide, increases renal excretion of water, potassium, and calcium

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55

What are the adverse effects of Furosemide?

Hypokalemia, dehydration, and hypovolemia

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56

What are the nursing implications for Furosemide?

-Asses fluid status
-Asses potassium level/renal labs
-Monitor BP before administering
-Monitor for dysrhytmias

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57

What are the risk factors for Hypercalcemia?

-Certain cancers
-Malignances
-Prolonged immoblility
-Calcium containing antacids

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58

What are the risk factors of Hypocalcemia?

-Renal insufficiency
-Hypoparathyroidism
-Diarrhea/Malnutrition

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59

What assesment finding is prominent regarding Hypocalcemia?

-Laryngeal or bronhcial spasm
-Chvostek's/Trousseau's sign

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60

calcium inbalances cause __________ complications

Neuromuscular

Hypercalcemia: nerves and muscles less excited

Hypocalcemia: nerves and muscles more excited, HOORAY

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61

What are the diagnostic tests for impaired Oxygenation?

-Arterial Blood gasses (ABGs)
-Complete Blood count (CBC)-Sputum test
-PFT

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62

What are the consequences of impaired Oxygenation?

-Fatigue
-Increased RR/HR
-Respiratory acidosis
-Cellular ischemia/necrosis

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63

What are interventions for somone with impaired Oxygenation?

-Oxygen masks
-Oxygen tube placment
-Tripod position!
-Rest periods between activities

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64

What are the risk factors for asthma?

-Nose/sinus problems
-Respiratory infections
-Allergens
-Cigarette/Pollutants
-Exercixe
-GERD
-Immune response

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65

What are the assesment findings of asthma?

-Wheezing
-Breathlessness
-Chest tightness
-Cough/Dyspnea
-Hyperventilation/status asthmaticus

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66

What bronchodialtor is used for asthma? What position should someone going through an asthma attack be in?

-albuterol
-high fowlers/tripod

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67

What is the use of being perscribed short-term glucocorticosteriods?

-reduces inflammation

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68

What are the risk factors for COPD?

-Tobacco use
-Infections
-Asthma/air pollution
-Chemical use
-Age
-Genetics

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69

What is the assesment of COPD?

-Chronic cough
-Sputum production
-Dyspnea
-Angina
-Wheezing
-Prolonged expiratory phase
-Barrel chest
-Fatigue/Weight loss

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70

What are the nursing interventions for COPD?

-Teach about COPD
-Bronchodialators
-Pulmonary rehab/breathing retraining
-Activity considerations
-Promote sleep
-Keep O2 above 90%

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71

What is the incubation period for influenza? What precautions are they put into?

-1-4 days
-contact and droplet precautions

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72

What are the assesment findings of influenza?

-fever
-Headache
-Cough/fatigue
-muscle soreness
-exhaustion

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73

What are the two BP ranges of Hypertension?

HTN Stage 1: Systolic: 130-139
Diastolic: 80-89
HTN Stage 2: Systolic: 140+
Diastolic: 90+
(If BP is mixed, go with higher stage!)

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74

What are the assesment findings for Hypertension?

Little to no symptoms (SILENT KILLA)

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75

What are interprofessional cares for Hypertension?

-Lifestyle modifications
-Weight reduction
-DASH diet (low fat increased fruits & veggies)
-Reuce sodium/alcohol

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76

What are the risk factors for Peripheal Artery Disease?

-Tobacco use
-Diabetes/Hyperlipidemia
-Age

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77

What are the assessment findings of Peripheal Artery Disease?

Intermittenet claudation: ichemic pain caused by exercize, relived with ten minutes of rest caused by lactic acid
-Shiny, taut and thin skin
-Dimished lower extremity pulses
-Rest pain

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78

What three factors cause thrombus formation? (VTE)

-Venous Stais
-Damage to endothelium
-Hypercoagability

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79

What are the risk factors for a Venous Thromboembolism?

-Age
-Comorbidites
-Obesity/pregnancy
-Cancer
-Hip/Knee replacement
-Tobacco use

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80

What are the assesment findings of Venous Thromboembolism?

-Pain/Tenderness w/ palpations
-Dialated superficial veins
-Sense of fullness in calf
-Erythema/Warm skin
-Paresthesia

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81

What are interprofessional cares for Venous Thromboembolism?

-Walking, Turning patient, Flex and extend feet, TED HOSE, and compression devices

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82

What Vitamin K antagonist is used for a VTE?

Warfarin (Coumadin): Come in weekly to get PT/INR checked

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83

What are the risk factors for Atrial Fibrillation?

-CAD
-Vascular Heart Disease
-Hypertension/Heart Failure
-Cardiomyopathy

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84

What are the assessment findings of Atrial Fibrillation?

-Palpitations
-Fatigue from fast heart rate
-Chest pain/Dyspnea
-Hypotension/Irregular pulse

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85

What are the diagnostic tests for Atrial Fibrillation?

-12 lead ECG
-Complete H & P
-Chest X-ray
-Stress test
-Holter monitor

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86

What medication is used for Atrial Fibrillation?

-Warfarin (Coumadin)

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87

What does Warfarin (Coumadin) interfere with?

-hepatic synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors

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88

What are you assesing for Warfarin (Coumadin)?

-Asses for bleeding!
-Check labs, PT/INR
INR: 2.5-3.5 range

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89

What is the antidote for Warfarin (Coumadin)?

Vitamin K

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90

What are nursing implications of oxycodone and morphine?

-Hold for respiratory depression
-Monitor for constipation

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91

What are the consequences of impaired protection?

immunosuppression: Increased risk of infections by bacteria or viruses
-exaggerated immune response: autoimmune disorders

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92

What are the diagnostic tests for protection?

-labs
-allergy testing
-organ function test
-disease testing
-blood test/imaging

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93

What are some examples of primary prevention regarding protection?

-vaccines
-standard precautions
-modify risk factors
-hand hygiene
-reduce injury risk

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94

What are some examples of secondary prevention regarding protection?

-HIV testing
-STI testing

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95

What are the assesment findings of suppressed immune function?

-malnourished
-fatigue
-impaired wound healing

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96

What is inflammation?

Immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection, or allergy

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97

What are some consequences regarding altered-protection?

-chronic inflammation
-sepsis
-multisystem organ failure

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98

What is the chain of infection in order

infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

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99

What are the consequences of sepsis?

-changes vascular permeability makes fluid shift out

-nervous system compensates and vasoconstricts

-heart compensates by increasing HR

-compromised circulation to organs

-results in muti-system failure

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100

What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia

an acute infection of the lung parenchyma

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