Articulation and Phonological Disorders; Bernthal, Bankson, and Flipsen, 7th ed.

Why is a morpheme relevant to identifying phonemes? Pg. 10

Speech

Organized set or system of sounds used to convey meaning

What is meaning based in?

Language

Why does speech have special importance as a language?

It is the first-learned modality for hearing language users

What is the Acoustic signal of speech?

The vibrations of air molecules in response to the energy source of human speech

What might we deduce about a person when they speak?

Ge, sex, mood, health, and dialectal background

From what 2 perspectives can we view Speech sounds?

Motor production and units of expression (language)

What does a layperson typically think of as a unit of meaning?

Words

What does a linguist consider a unit of meaning?

Morphemes

Phonemic Transcription

// transcription of a family of allophones

Phonetic Transcription

[ ] more detailed than a phonemic transcription

Speech Sound Disorders (previously used definition)

Disorders related to saying the sounds of a language

Speech sound disorders used to be called what?

Articulation disorders

What was the prevailing viewpoint related to speech sound disorders from the 1920s - 1970s

They reflected a clients inability to perceive or discriminate particular sound(s)

And/or

They reflected a clients inability to motorically produce these sounds

What was the definition of Phonological Disorders?

Disorders related to learning phonological rules of a language

Allophones

More numerous set of distinct sounds, may belong to the same phoneme family

What happens to /n/ in the word tenth?

The th influences the n to be dentalized, instead of alveolar

Complementary Distribution

2+ allophones never occur in exactly the same phonetic environment, making the occurrence not overlap

Free variation

When allophones occur in the same phonetic context

What is the dual use of Syntax, Semantics, Morphology, and Phonetics?

Structure, and Processing

Where does a thought initiate?

At the cognitive level where the concepts are created before the words are attached

Information Processing Model of Verbal Formulation Production

How is information at the cognitive level get used?

To make decision's at the syntactic and semantic levels

Lexicalization

The semantic level, a 2 stage process

What is the process of Lexicalization

1. Select a lexical concept

2. Phonological specification

Phonological Specification

Specification of a words sound pattern

Phonological level

The evolving sentence becomes a phonological structure Guides the phonetic level

Phonetic level

Details of the sound pattern are worked out, producing a detailed phonetic representation of the utterance

Motor Control Level

Actual motor instructions; decides which muscles, and controls the timing and strength off the muscle contractions

How many muscles are activated in speech?

About 100

When us the feedback loop complete?

When the speaker listens to the auditory information

Speech Sound Disorders (present definition)

Umbrella term for clients who have3 difficulty producing speech sounds

Delay

Speech sound errors that are considered normal in young children as they learn to “properly” use sounds

Deviant

Errors not typically found in young children’s development

Speech Disorders Study, Campbell and colleagues

2003, 15.2% of 3 year olds

Speech Disorders Study, Shriberg, Tomblin, and McSweeny

1999, suggests that by 6 years old, 3.8% still have difficulty with speech sound production

When do most speech sound disorders occur?

Under 8 years old

What typically causes speech sound disorders in adults?

Organic conditions

Semantics

Meaning attached to words

Morphology

Minimum meaningful units in a language

Syntax

Grammar

Pragmatic

Appropriate language use in a social context

Discourse

Ability to string sentences together while communicating with others

Pragmatic and discourse are targets for who?

Older Children

When do we target mainstream English sound systems?

When the client elects to do this, usually for “educational” business or social reasons

Why are phonemes relevant to identifying allophones?

Traditional Phonetic description of articulation

Distinctive features description of articulation

Similarities between phonetic transcription and distinctive features

Differences between phonetic transcription and distinctive features

Coarticulation

Why does coarticulation occur?