AMH2020 Exam 2

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Rudyard Kipling

British writer who wrote of "the white man's burden" and justified imperialism

Teller Amendment (1898)

A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

Platt Amendment (1901)

an amendment added to Cuba's constitution by the Cuba government, after pressure from the United States; it provided that Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence or granted concessions to other countries without U.S. approval. The amendment was abrogated in 1934.

Progressive Movement

aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Carry A. Nation (1846-1901)

A prohibitionist. She believed that bars and other liquor-related businesses should be destroyed, and was known for attacking saloons herself with a hatchet.

Temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

Flying Squadron for Jesus

he Flying Squadron of America was a temperance organization that staged a nationwide campaign to promote the temperance movement in the United States

Sufferage

the right to vote

Muckraking

the action of searching out and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way.

McClure's

one of a group of popular magazines dedicated to exposing evil, digging for dirt and encouraged their reports who T Roosevelt called muckrakers.

Ida M. Tarbell's "History of the Standard Oil Company" in McClure's Magazine depicted John D. Rockefeller as

journalist who published a devastating but factual expose of the Standard Oil Company

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Drug Act of 1906

It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by The United States

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Yosemite

California

National forrest system

he National Forest System (NFS) was created by the Land Revision Act of 1891, which was enacted during the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. ... This agency was formed to map, maintain, and protect forests as well as provide water and timber for national benefit.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Kaiser Wilhelm

Emperor of Germany during World War I

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Balkans

geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.

Arch Duke Ferdinand

assassinated June 1914, Austrian heir, killed by the Black Hands member Gavrilo Princip. Assassination caused Austro-Hungary to declare war against Serbia. Alliances pulled other countries into the war, eventually creating World War I.

Manfred von Richthofen

a German fighter pilot known as "The Red Baron"

Lusitania (1915)

passenger ship sunk by Germany to get US involved in WW1

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

Doughboys

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI

John Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

Alvin York

killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom

Espionage Act

1917 act gave the government new ways to combat spying

Sedition Act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Liberty Cabbage

sauerkraut, a name given because the Sedition Act lead people to turn away from anything german during ww1

xenophobia

fear of foreigners

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Confederate cavalry leader who later became a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan

William Simmons

Founder of the second Ku Klux Klan

Birth of a Nation

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

D.W. Griffith

groundbreaking American film director, directed The Birth of a Nation

James S. Pike

He published The Prostrate State in 1874; insisted the South's problems arose from "Negro government" and that the solution was to restore whites to political power

Protocols of the Elders of Zion

1905-Document published in Russia. This work claimed to reveal a world-wide Jewish conspiracy. They were attempting to take over the banking, media, and universities to establish this new world order.

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly

Gentelmens Agreement

japan agreed to limit the number of unskilled workers emigrating to the u.s.

Issei

First generation Japanese immigrants to North America. Noun. The Issei were unable to attain citizenship.

Nissei

American-born children of Japanese immigrants; second generation Japanese Americans.

Takao Ozawa

Fought the law in court that blocked Asian Americans from becoming citizens.

Thind vs. US

An Indian who aims to get citizenship. He is classified by racial scientists at the time as Caucasian. The dark color of his skin does not allow him to become a citizen despite this

Cable Act

1922 allowed an american women to maintain her citizenship if she married a foreigner

Immigration act 1924

Also known as the Johnson-Reed Act. Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890.

Return to Normalcy

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II

Warren G. Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI

Battle Creek Asylum

Insane asylum that Warren G. Hardin stayed in while battling depression

Bonus Act for Veterans

stated that the government will give WWI veterans benefits for serving in the war. but then claimed that soliders were "not financially responsible"

Tea Pot Dome

biggest scandal of Harding's administration; Secretary of Interior Albert Fall illegally leased government oil fields in the West to private oil companies; Fall was later convicted of bribery and became the first Cabinet official to serve prison time (1931-1932).

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Herbert Humphrey

longtime advocate for social justice and civil rights, was hurt by his support of LBJ's policies in vietnam, was nominated as democrat in election of 1968

Rugged Individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Al Smith

Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee. He lost the election to Herbert Hoover.

Bonus Expeditionary Force

Thousands of World War I veterans, who insisted on immediate payment of their bonus certificates, marched on Washington in 1932; violence ensued when President Herbert Hoover ordered their tent villages cleared.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

John Dillinger

Famous bank robber in 1930s

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)

sought to end overproduction and raise crop prices

NRA (National Recovery Administration)

New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

WPA (Works Progress Administration)

key New Deal agency that provided work relief through various public-works projects

Court Packing

Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.

Father Charles Edward Coughlin

was a fierce critic of Roosevelt's new deal. He was a priest in detroit who had developed a large following by broadcasting sermons over the radio.

Dr. Francis E. Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Attempt at regulation (US attempt at getting more power back from big business

Congress realizes lack of power is hurting them

Trust

A legal pool (pooling all resources together)

1890 Sherman Anti-trust Act

declared that not all monopolies are illegal, only those that “unreasonably” stifled free trade

Herbert Spencer

Use law of nature, apply it to economics, survival of the fittest (social darwinism)

William Graham Sumner

Taught Spencers ideology

Justification for federal government not to intervene

John D Rockefeller

Perfected Trust System

Standard Oil Company, 1882

bought smaller oil companies to make standard oil larger

By 1898 controlled 84% of US oil

Made $100 a minute (avg $12 a week)

No taxes on his money so he wouldn’t move standard oil to another country

Samuel Dodd

John D Rockefellers Attorney

came up with system to protect Rockefeller (trusts)

Vertical Integration

Own every step of the process

JP Morgan

US Steel, 1901

Vertical Integration / Monopoly

Originally made his money buying weapons during US civil war

bought defective weapons for a high price, then sold them back to military

Andrew Carnegie

Believed God Favored the wealthy

Gospel of wealth

believed it was his responsibility to god to pay back the community

people argued he should just pay workers more

American Federation of Labor 1890

an alliance of craft unions who advocated “pure and simple trade unionism”

Samuel Gompers

AFL is for skilled workers, not mine or coal

African Americans could not join AFL

Inequality in unions

Karl Marx

Not just AFL, but all workers are being exploited

Fled Germany, 1840s

Father of Communism

Separate those who exploit and those who have been exploited

Eugene V Debs

began to think what Marx says is right

not a full blown communist

still believes in capitalism

says federal government should take on more

private citizens should take on more

Pullman Strike

Debs v George Pullman

Debs says socialism in US

anyone who makes $100 a min should be taxed

United Railways Union becomes industrial workers of the world (IWW)

New Immigrants

Arrived in large numbers in 1880-1920s

Part of last open immigration in US

only 2% denied (disease and criminal)

Southern, Eastern, and Central Europe

Characteristics of New Immigrants

Mostly male, young and poor

Unskilled farm workers

Catholic and Jewish

Ellis Island

Bureaucratic

Open to let people into the United States

No passports

Having a deed or documentation may speed up process

speaking english may also help

Names and birthdays could change

Conditions of City

Crime, Lack of Sanitation, Horse is mode of transportation, outdoor filth, indoor filth, no water sanitation until 1890, dumbbell tenant, overpopulation, disease was rampant