Key Concepts in Philippine History and Economic Theories

These flashcards cover important concepts from Philippine history and various economic theories as discussed in the lecture notes.

What does the term 'mandala system' refer to in Philippine history?

It refers to the socio-political organization in pre-colonial Philippines including rajahnate, kedatuan, and sultanate.

Who named Samar and Leyte as 'Filipinas' in 1542?

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos.

What was the smallest political unit of the Tagalogs?

Barangay.

What were the social classes of the Tagalogs?

Maginoo, Maharlika, Alipin.

By what means can one become an Alipin (slave)?

1. War captive 2. Debt 3. Inheritance 4. Purchase 5. Punishment for crimes.

What were some grounds for divorce in pre-colonial Philippine society?

1. Adultery 2. Abandonment 3. Cruelty 4. Insanity.

What document was created by the Philippine Bill of 1802?

The Cooper Act which established the Philippine Assembly.

What did the Tydings-McDuffie Act entail?

It was the Philippine Independence Act which enacted on March 24, 1934, granting independence to the Philippines.

Who was the president of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946?

Manuel L. Quezon.

What economic policy emphasizes maximizing exports and minimizing imports?

Mercantilism.

What is the focus of classical economics?

Macroeconomic factors such as capital accumulation, technological progress, and trade as drivers of economic growth.

What does Marxism critique within capitalism?

The prioritization of profit over human needs leading to alienation, inequality, and crises.

What economic theory focuses on the state intervention for economic growth in East Asia?

Developmental States.

What is the central idea of sustainable development?

Meeting human development goals while ensuring resources can still be available for future generations.

What term did Thorstein Veblen use to describe consumers purchasing goods to display their status?

Conspicuous consumption.

What was John Maynard Keynes' contribution during economic downturns?

Advocated for active government intervention to stabilize the economy.

indios

natives

gobernadorcillo

symbolic head

friars

needed to report back to Spain

anito

ancestor and nature spirits

cholera and the origins of the american sanitary order in the philippines

written by reynaldo ileto

philippine autonomy act of 1916

us promised to grant independence to the philippines

jones law

philippine autonomy act

tydings mcduffie act

philippine independence act

tydings-mcduffie act

the 1935 constitution of the philippines was written and the commonwealth of the philippines was established

japanese occupation of the philippines 

invasion started on december 8 1941 after the attack on pearl harbor

july 4, 1946

philippines was granted independence

development

about the enhancement of human well-being

wellbeing

multidimensional concept implying priorities and trade-offs

seven dimensions of development

1. income and income growth

2. poverty and hunger

3. inequality and inequity

4. vulnerability to shocks

5. basic needs and human development

6. sustainability in the use of resources

7. quality of life 

18th century

1. mercantilists 

2. physiocrats

3. capitalism

mercantilism (18th century)

nationalistic economic policies to maximize exports and minimize imports and promote government regulation of the economy to augment state power

physiocrats

agriculture was the source of health and products should be highly valued

capitalism

emerging from feudalism as the byproduct of industrial revolution

mercantilism

nations wealth and power increases by accumulating gold and silver through a favorable balance of trade

colonial expansion

strategy for mercantilists

zero-sum game

a country’s gain is another country’s loss

francois quesnay

national wealth came from production

laissez-faire

government non-interference with the natural economic processes

classical economics

focused on macroeconomic factors such as capital accumulation, technological progress, and trade as drivers of economic growth

classical economics

advocate for limited government intervention, emphasizing importance of free markets

marxism 1840s

critique of capitalism which prioritizes profit over human needs leading to alienation, inequality, and crises

neoclassical economics 1900s

focused on microeconomic factors such as individual decision making, market mechanisms and efficiency in resource allocation

neoclassical economics 1900s

advocate for minimal government intervention and emphasize the efficiency of market mechanisms in allocating resources

keynesian economics 1940s

advocates for active government intervention during periods of economic downturns to stabilize economy; done by increasing spending or cutting taxes to stimulate aggregate demand and boost economic activity

john maynard keynes

who developmed keynesian economics

development economics

focuses on economic development and industrialization of less developed countries

modernization theory

explains processes through which societies transition from traditional to modern forms

modernization theory

focuses on economic development, social change, political transformation

dependency theory

argues that underdevelopment of certain countries is a consequence of their integration into the global capitalist system

dependency theory

emphasizes the unequal and exploitative relations between core and peripheral

neoliberalism

response to keynesianism, advocates for limited government intervention

neoliberalism

places emphasis on market-oriented reforms and the role of private sector in economic growth

developmental states

focuses on state interventionism in guiding and promoting economic growth and industrialization in east asian countri

post-development

emerged as a response to perceived failures and limitations of conventional development paradigms

human development

argues for a multi-dimensional capability approach rather than income

sustainable development

variety of processes that aim to meet human development goals that can still be enjoyed by later generations

classical economics

view market as a self-governing entity

agricultural revolution

innovations in crop rotations and production techniques

industrial revolution

technological innovations

adam smith

pursuit of self interest benefited individuals; division of labor increases productivity

adam smith, david ricardo, thomas malthus

thinkers of classical economics

david ricardo

food produces on good land earned a surplus over those produced in inferior land; supply of land is fixed but price is inelastic

thomas malthus

compared increasing population and demand for food; correlation between population and living standards

marxist economics

critique of capitalism and its negative tendencies; focuses on the role of class struggle, labor, and dynamics of capital accumulation

karl marx

agreed with smith that wealth is created through production rather than appropriation

neoclassical economics

focuses on the emotions of workers; product’s value is also influenced by demand and supply

john stuart mill, thorstein veblen, john maynard keynes

thinkers of neoclassical economics

john stuart mill

demand and supply were important in assessing the value of a product; actions are right in the proportion as they tend to promote happiness

thorstein veblen

critique of the leisure class

pecuniary emulation

people from the lower class imitate the habits of the upper class to achieve status

conspicious consumption

practice of consumers purchasing and using goods for the purpose of displaying their status and importance to others

john maynard keynes

advocated for government intervention in the economy to stabilize output and employment during great depression

state

entity with a monopoly over the means of legitimate force within a designated territory that it controls, with recognition of its control by other states, and empowered by the population with making public decisions

state

• instrument of public will

• instrument for preserving the concentration of benefits for corrupt elites

• center of development debates and action

state authority

state’s legal and moral right to govern, enforce laws, make decisions, exercise control

state capacity

make technical decisions with its available resources

state legitimacy

perceived, recognized and accepted right and authority of government to govern

state autonomy

degree of “insulation” that a state enjoys from social and external forces.

comprodorial

sees state as continuong to be colonial in nature, run by an elite with alliance with foreign interests

weberian

emphasizes rational-purposeful nationalism of a modern state

embedded automomy

ability to forge strong network ties with foreign and domestic elites and manage to retain some degree of autonomt

keynesian vs neoliberal

a big push is a coordinated effort to stimulate economic development through a significant increase in investment

modernization vs. structuralism

the world economy went into a tailspin of low growth and high inflation

developmental state model

focus on the ability of the state to govern the market or to guide the domestic private sector through incentives

public-private partnership

collaboration between government entities and private sector companies to share risks, rewards, and responsibilities to finance, develop, operate, and maintain public infrastructure projects or deliver public services.

public-private partnership

often utilized when governments lack the resources or expertise to undertake large-scale projects on their own, or when they seek to leverage private sector efficiencies and innovation

corporate social responsibility

company’s initiative to take responsibility for its effects on the environmental and social well-being

corruption

abuse of entrusted power for private gain

civil society

the groups and organizations that work together outside of the government; imade up of ngos,social partners, and grassroots organizations

civil society

• represent interest of citizens and enforce social norms

• mediator between citizens and public authorities

• organize social movements to represent diverse represent

association, communities, interest groups

points under social organizations

association

social organization sharing objective

interest groups

defined by pursuit of economic interest or political power

social movements

• concerned with disputing state power and bringing change

• mobilizing forces of the opposition and resistance rather than participation

social change

encompasses a wide range of shifts in society

agency, structure, context

points under social change

agency

strategies and actions taken

structure

institutionalized practice that shape or limit action

context

specific situation of social or political action