FINAL CLO (copy)

What is schizophrenia?

A chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves, with symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

What is Schizophreniform Disorder?

A mental health condition with symptoms similar to schizophrenia lasting less than six months, potentially involving temporary psychotic episodes.

What characterizes schizoaffective disorder?

Symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders, with episodes of mood disturbances occurring alongside psychotic symptoms.

What are delusions?

Strongly held false beliefs resistant to reasoning or contrary evidence, often involving themes of persecution or grandiosity.

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders that significantly impact an individual's perception of reality.

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A lack of motivation (avolition), reduced emotional expression (flat affect), and social withdrawal (asociality and anhedonia).

What are some biological causes of schizophrenia?

Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter abnormalities, prenatal exposure, and environmental stressors.

What is the role of dopamine in schizophrenia?

Imbalances in dopamine may contribute to symptoms; dopamine agonists can increase schizophrenic behaviors.

What is the typical treatment for schizophrenia?

Antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy (like CBT), and supportive services.

What is the token economy in treating schizophrenia?

A behavioral strategy used to reinforce positive behaviors through rewards to encourage individuals to achieve specific goals.

What is ADHD?

A developmental disorder characterized by maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity, and impulsiveness.

What are common treatments for ADHD?

Behavioral interventions, psychosocial treatment, and medications like methylphenidate (Ritalin) and atomoxetine (Strattera).

What is a specific learning disorder?

Neurodevelopmental disorders affecting an individual's ability to acquire and use academic skills, such as difficulties in reading and mathematics.

What characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Challenges in social interaction and communication, along with repetitive behaviors.

What qualifies as an Intellectual Developmental Disorder?

Significantly impaired cognitive functioning and adaptive behavior, typically manifesting during the developmental period.

What are common symptoms of delirium?

Impaired consciousness, inattentivity, confusion, and disorientation that develop over hours or days.

What causes amnestic disorder?

Significant memory deficits resulting from brain injury or chronic alcoholism.

What is the most common cause of neurocognitive disorders?

Alzheimer’s disease.

What distinguishes Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder from Alzheimer’s Disease?

Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder is caused by blood flow problems to the brain, while Alzheimer's is marked by amyloid plaques and tau tangles accumulation.

What are the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease?

Age, family history, genetic factors (like APOE-e4 allele), and lifestyle factors.

What is the goal of modern therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

To help with communication and socialization, integrating individuals into the community as they grow.

What types of hallucinations are common in schizophrenia?

Auditory hallucinations (most common), visual, tactile, and olfactory hallucinations.

What is a key feature of Delusional Disorder?

The presence of one or more delusions that persist for at least one month without other underlying issues.

What is the role of early behavioral issues in the risk of developing schizophrenia?

Aggressive or unusual childhood behavior can signal an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.

What is the focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in treating schizophrenia?

To help patients cope with challenges of the disorder and improve their quality of life.

What does the absence of flat affect indicate in psychotic disorders?

It signifies the presence of emotional blunting or lack of emotional expression, which may be a symptom of certain disorders.

What defines the characteristics of Schizoaffective disorder?

Mood disturbances meeting the criteria for schizophrenia occurring alongside significant mood changes.

What is the 'folie à deux' phenomenon?

A shared psychotic disorder where two people share a delusion.

What is a common characteristic of disorganized schizophrenia?

Incoherent speech and behavior, with significant disruptions in thought processes.

What is the lifespan expectancy difference for individuals with schizophrenia?

Individuals with schizophrenia tend to live 10 to 15 years less than the average population.

What effect can supportive services have on individuals with schizophrenia?

They can assist individuals in leading more independent lives by providing programs like social skills training.

What neurotransmitter has been implicated in the development of ADHD?

Dopamine, particularly in genes related to its receptors and transporters.

What is the recommended treatment for learning disorders?

Educational interventions like direct instruction and teaching for mastery.

What is Down Syndrome characterized by?

Distinct physical features and varying degrees of cognitive developmental delay related to an extra 21st chromosome.

What are common symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Challenges in social communication, restrictive and repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities.

What is one ethical concern regarding delirium patients?

Delirium patients cannot give informed consent; decisions must be made by a spouse or relative.

What is the primary goal of dementia treatment?

To delay symptom onset and improve the quality of life for affected individuals.

What factors can contribute to cognitive decline in neurocognitive disorders arising from HIV?

Chronic inflammation, direct neurotoxic effects of the virus, and opportunistic infections.

What indicates the presence of significant impairments in intellectual disability?

Limitations in areas such as language, reasoning, social interaction, and practical skills.

What is the impact of maternal factors during pregnancy on schizophrenia risk?

Maternal infections or malnutrition can affect fetal brain development, increasing schizophrenia risk.

What treatment strategies are used for autism besides medication?

Behavioral therapies to address symptoms and behavioral challenges.

What cognitive functioning score indicates an intellectual developmental disorder?

An IQ score below 70.

What is one common issue with compliance in schizophrenia treatment?

Patients may not take their medication properly, leading to treatment non-compliance.

How is Intellectual Disability diagnosed?

Through significant impairments in adaptive functioning before the age of 18, alongside a low IQ.

What should be included in a multi-modal treatment approach for ADHD?

Both medication and psychosocial intervention are recommended for effective treatment.

What characterizes hallucinations in schizophrenia?

Sensory perceptions without external stimuli, commonly auditory or visual.

What psychiatric condition is characterized by severe confusion and disorientation?

Delirium.

What is a major contributing factor in the cognitive decline observed in Parkinson's disease?

Neuroinflammation and disrupted neurotransmitter systems.

What distinguishes typical symptoms of Alzheimer's from other forms of dementia?

forgetfulness, loss of interest, and cognitive decline slowly worsening over time.

What are effective interventions for managing ADHD symptoms?

Behavioral parent training, behavioral classroom management, and reinforcement programs.

What common behavioral issues might overlap with ADHD?

Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder are often seen with ADHD.

What does the term 'Moral treatment' refer to in the context of mental health?

An approach to care emphasizing compassion and patient engagement in their treatment.

What is a common characteristic of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia?

They often reflect the individual's inner turmoil or fears.

What is one reason for gender disparity in schizophrenia prevalence?

Men tend to have an earlier onset of symptoms compared to women.

What can exacerbate symptoms of schizophrenia, according to the notes?

Substance abuse and environmental stressors.

What is baptism with fire in a therapeutic context?

A term describing intense emotional symptoms that improve through the treatment process.

What is one challenge in diagnosing schizophrenia accurately?

Cultural factors and biases can lead to misdiagnosis.

What is a significant symptom that differentiates intellectual developmental disorders from typical learning challenges?

The presence of significant impairments in adaptive functioning.

What does the acronym CBT stand for in therapeutic contexts?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.

What are the leading factors attributed to increased risk of developing schizophrenia?

Genetic predisposition, early behavioral issues, and environmental stressors.

What is commonly paired with pharmacological treatment for ADHD?

Psychosocial interventions are recommended to improve treatment effectiveness.

What condition may arise in older adults leading to increased agitation and confusion in the late afternoon?

Sundowner syndrome.

What is notable about twin studies concerning genetic traits in schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia shows a higher concordance rate in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins.

What side effects are associated with antipsychotic medications?

Drowsiness, confusion, salivation, and blurred vision.

What does the term 'Positive symptoms' in schizophrenia include?

More overt manifestations such as hallucinations and delusions.

How might environmental influences affect learning disorders?

Home reading habits can significantly affect the outcomes for those predisposed to learning disorders.

What are the common patterns of behavior associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Repetitive behaviors and sensory sensitivities.

What is the importance of supportive services in schizophrenia treatment?

They can assist individuals in leading more independent lives and develop essential social skills.

What role does cognitive remediation play in the treatment for schizophrenia?

It involves cognitive practice exercises that aim to improve cognitive abilities and overall functioning.

What is the primary objective of psychoeducational interventions in autism?

To help the individual communicate effectively and socialize with others.

What is the significance of having a family history of learning disorders?

It indicates a higher likelihood of developing corresponding learning difficulties.