apush midterm

spread of corn cultivation

allowed ppl to stay in one placestarted with mayas and aztecsmore populated and socially diverse societies, economic growth

impact of horses to the Great Plains

nomadic tribes survived off of hunting- can track buffalo more easily

Protestant Reformation

christians across europe revolted against the authority of the Pope- corrupt- protestantcreated a religious motive for colonization- catholics vs protestants

Columbian Exchange

transfer of plants,animals,and germs between east and westeurope learned of new food which grew their population, syphilisna had no immunity from european diseases, most of their population died

encomienda system

spains king granted natives who lived on a tract of land to individual spainards

asciento system

colonists pay a tax to spanish king on each enslaved person they imported to the us

Transatlantic Slave Trade/ middle passage

slave trade sent 10-15 million africans to the americas10-15%died on the voyage across the ocean

Bartolome de Las Casas

advocated for better treatment of NA- New Laws of 1542- ended NA slaves, halted forced NA labor, began to end encomienda system but some parts were repelled

Spanish missions in North America

florida, new mexico, arizona, texas, californiacounter influence of reformation and Protestantism

Jamestown

swampy- dysentry+ malariappl refused to work

Headright System

virginia provided 50 acres to any settler or any person who paid passage for a settler to the colonysponsored indentured servants- took NA land

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. 1st winter, 1/2 of pop died, helped by NA, fish, fur, lumber = economy

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1,000 puritans founded boston15,000 settlers movedescape religious persecution

Anne Hutchinson

antinomianism- ppl recieve salvation from their faith alone, dont need to follow traditional moral lawsportsmouth- long island- killed by NA

William Penn

Pennsylvaniarefuge for quakers/ free worship, attempted to treat NA well

triangular trade

a popular trade route which included europe, africa, and north america

mercantilicism

the economic theory that a country's wealth was determined by how more it exported than importedtariffs- encourage imports, discourage exportscolonies exist to enrich parent country

Metacom's War

in response to english settlers encroaching on NA land- Metacom united tribes in southern New Englandcolonial forces and allied NA won- ended most NA resistance in NE

Bacon's rebellion

impoverished farmers vs Berkleys gov- didnt protect them from NAraids and massacres against NA on the frontierdefeated governors forces and burnedJamestown

Indentured Servants

master/landowner would pay for persons passage to the us and those ppl agreed to work for them for 4-7 years for room and board- gained freedom- landowners had only temporary labor

Reasons for increased demand for enslaved african labor

reduced migration- increased wages in EnglandDependable workforce- plantation owners disturbed by political demands of farmers and indentured servants- Bacon's rebellion= slaves most stable workforceLow-cost labor- tobacco prices decreased, rice and indigo= important- to grow, need lots of land a workers that don't need to be skilled aka cheap

Slave Laws

colonies would make up laws to ensure bondage 4 lifeenslavement of lawful captives, children of slaves are slaves, baptized christians can be slaves nowracism

stono rebellion

largest uprising by enslaved ppl in colonial british mainlandattempted to flee to floridaget stopped and murderedterrifies white ppl- make legal codes

cash crops for british colonies

middle- wheat and cornsouth- tobacco, rice, indigo

free vs enslaved africans

enslaved- forced to america, worked at laborers, brick layers, blacksmiths, but mostly field laborersfree- emancipated, allowed to work for money and pay for their freedom- still discriminated against

Great Awakening-1st

movement of fervent expressions of religious feeling among the masses

Enlightenment

ppl relied too much on tradition and God's intervention- response to GA

John Locke's 2 Treatises

while the state is supreme, it is bound to follow natural laws based on the rights ppl have simple b/c theyre humansovereignty resides w/pplcitizens have a right to revolt against gov if they dont protect their rights

French Indian War

(1754-1763)causes- french build ports, British want the landcompeting mercantilist empiresrival alliance with NAland controleffects- british more land doubles its landspain- lose florida, gain louisianapontiac's rebellionGB= in debt, end of salutary neglect

salutary neglect

britain exercised no direct control over the colonies and didnt enforce navigation acts- ended after war

proclamation of 1763

British colonist cant settle west of Appalachian mountains- to stop NA violence

Stamp Act

1765- tax on all printed papers- directpay for GB troops

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

Declatory Act

1766: , after parliament repealed the Stamp Act, the prime minister passed this act that confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever".

Townshend Acts

1767- tax on tea, glass, paper, leadindirectgeneral writ of assistance- can look anywhere for smuggled good

Boston Massacre

1770- soldiers guarding customs officials vs colonistsfire on angry mobSamuel Adams- depicts it as a massacre- unifying

Boston Tea Party

1773- British East India Comp- make it cheaper than other teas but abt principle- dump tea into bay

Intolerable Acts

1774coercive- close boston harbor until pay for teaquatering - private homesquebec- catholic and no rep assembly- terrifies colonists

First Continental Congress

Suffolk Resolves- repel Intolerable actsboycottdeclaration and resolves- urged king to resolve colonial grievances and restore colonial rightsContinental association- enforce sanctions of Suffolk resolves- if demands not met, meet again

Second Continental Congress

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms- colonies provides troopsGW= commander in chiefraid Quebec to draw Canada away

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

contrary to common sense for a large continent to be ruled by a distant islandcontrary to common sense for ppl to be loyal to a kind who is corrupt- ignited public demand for independence

Declaration of Independence

includes basic principles to justify revolution and list of grievance against the king

Alliance with France

Battle of Saratoga- US victory- France joined- weakened Britain significantly- divert military resources away from US

effect of AR on AA

during- fight with both sides, escaping, resistingafter- north- abolitionist movement- 1804- all states abolish slavery, not economically dependent on it- South- slavery expands, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana bc of cotton ginCOT- slavery continues in south, AA have no right to vote, systematic racism, job discrimination, restricted property

Effect of AR on NA

during- attacks on settlementsafter- lose GB ally, lose proclamation line- american settlers rush inCOT- continue to lose land, continued conflict- Battle of Fallen Timbers, no citizenship

Effect of AR on women

during- in charge of farms and businessessome worked as cooks and nursesafter- republican motherhood- educate women to teach children repub values- still in home- emphasis on female education thoCOT- stay home with children, no voting rights, no married woman can own property

Effect of AR on white men

more political rights- free speech, press, etc.- no titles of nobility, mercantilism ends- opportunity moving west- can become a slave owner and gain statusCOT- still property qualifications on voting, inherited wealth

Global Impact pf AR

inspiration- were the first- enlightenment ideas- France, Haiti, Latin America

Articles of confederation

strengths- prevent tyrannical gov, print+borrow money, go to war + make treaties, won AR, northwest ordinanceweaknesses- firm league of friendship, 1 house- no laws passed cause 9/13 needed, cannot tax, cant pay int debt, each state trying to trade w countries, Shays rebellion

shay's rebellion

rebellion against Mass high taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper moneystopped collection of taxes and closed debtors courtsdefeated by militia

Constitutional convention of 1787

55 delegates; to revise Art.of Conf.; instead wrote new Constitution- all federalists

Great Compromise

2 house congress-senate- equal reps- house of reps- based on population

3/5 's Compromise

enslaved person counts at 3/5's of a person when determining level of taxation and representation

Electoral college

too much democracy=mob ruleeach state had electors based on the state's number of reps and senators when electing a president

Federalists vs anti- federalists

feds- national gov stringer, fear tyranny of ppl, better name, more organized, made constitution, Federalist papersanti- feds- state gov stronger, fear tyranny of gov, believed national gov was elitist, no bill of rights in current constitution, constitutional convention= shady

Federalist Papers

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jayessays- reasons for believing in the practicality of each major provision of the constitution

Separation of Power with checks and balances

legislature- make laws, taxes, allocate spendingexecutive- carries out laws and federal programsjudicial- interprets laws and constitutionchecks and balances- pres and veto laws, pres makes treaties but ratified by congress, pres enforces laws but court can stop them, court forces pres to enforce laws but pres appoints justices, etc.

Bill of Rights

amendments to defend individual liberty1- freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, petition10- rights not stated given to the states

Alexander Hamilton's Financial program

pay off the national debthigh tariffs on imported goodscreate national bank

Whiskey Rebellion

Hamilton- raise taxes on whiskey to make up for low tariffsfarmers in PA attack revenue collectorsmilitia stopped rebellion

Federalist (Pol. Party)

leaders- A Hamilton, J Adamsnat'l gov strongerorderloose cont interpretationneutral on French Rev, ally with GB for tradesupporters, north, east, aristocrats, merchants

Democratic-Republicans

leaders- TJ, J Madisonstate gov strongerlibertystrict interpretationally with Franceagriculture- states pay own debtssupporters- south, west, middle class, farmers

Washington's Farewell Address

don't get involved in european affairsdont make permanent alliancesdont form political partiesdont fall into sectionalism

Alien and Sedition Acts

Alien-Naturalization Act- 14 years to become a citizen- stops future DR voters- Alien- pres can deport and detain sus aliens (french ppl)Sedition- illegal to criticize Federalist Admin- target DR

KY and VA resolutions

KY(Jefferson) and VA( Madison)- states entered into a compact- if an act broke compact, state can nullify fed law

Election of 1800

split (partisan),mudslinging campaigns- personal attacks, political cartoonsTJ vs Aaron Burr- Alexander hamilton persuades house of reps to vote TJ even tho hes opposite partypeaceful transfer of power- Dem reps win, Feds= artistocrats

Lousiana Purchase

Causes- everyone against Napolean- needs money, lost Haitian Revolution (sugar)effects- doubles size of US, removed european presence, extended western frontier- strengthened TJ's hope for yeoman farmers, Tj popularity increased, federalists decreased

Marbury v. Madison

established principle of judicial reviewJohn Marshall- Marbury has the right to send commissions according to Judiciary act- but deemed unconstitutional- court can overrule congress laws

Legacy of war of 1812

us gained respect, canada is british, fed party ended, nullification + secession of NE used by the south, NA surrendered land, War hawks like AJ and Willian harrison become politicians, nationalism increases

era of good feelings

spirit of nationalism, optimism, and goodwilldem reps in politicsstill heated debated and sectionalism tho

Henry Clay's American System

PINprotective tariffs, internal improvements, national bankconstitution didnt state that they can raise money for transportation so up to states

Panic of 1819

2nd bank of us tightened credit to reduce inflation- state banks close, bankrupcies, imprisonments for debtover speculation (how farmers think their land worth will increase with the economy doesnt happen) - hits west the hardest

Missouri Compromise

house of rep- north majority but even in senatemissouri wants to be a state- has slavery- could tip political balance in south's favorhenry clay- missouri= slave state, maine= free state to keep balance

Monroe Doctrine

interests us are involved in should not be considered subjects for future colonization by europe

Market Revolution

jeffersonian yeoman farmers replaced by commercial farming- south= cotton, west= wheatsupported by: clays american system, legislation and courts, population growth

erie canal

linked west and east economieslower food prices, more immigrants in west, stronger economic ties

Eli Whitney

created interchangeable parts- each part of a rifle can be produces then assembled- basis for northern factories

Lowell Sytem

recruited women + housed them- women work for wages and are away from their families now

commercial agriculture in south and west

western land= cheap- state banks supply loan too- canals and railroads= easy transport of goods- cotton gin= factories in north relied of cotton in the south

Cult of Domesticity

reinforce women's proper rolepiety, purity, submissiveness, domesticity

European immigration to US

causes: inexpensive and rapid ocean travel, famines and revolutions in europe, "american dream"effects: boosted economy- steady labor force- crowded cities, poor sanitation, disease, crime

Rise of nativism and anti-catholicism

natives= protestants, immigrants= catholicnatives felt threataned by sudden increase of immigration

19th century defense of slavery

used historical and religious arguments that slavery is good for slave and master- positive good vs necessary evil

2nd Middle Passage- domestic slave trade

internal slave trade from upper- deep south b/c of cottonppl in upper south make lots of money off of selling their slaves too- instead of freeing them

Haitian revolution

most successful slave revolt- immediate emancipation, citizenship, and freedom- example for slaves and scared slaveholders

Nat Turner's Rebellion

literate preacher- went to ammunition stores in VA- 50 white ppl were killed- killed 200 black ppl in response

Underground Railroad

used railroad terminology to lead slaves to freedomfreed 75,000 slaves

Harriet Tubman

led 300 slaves to freedom

Politics of the Common Man

politics came to middle and lower classes- new suffrage laws, change in political parties and campaigns

Universal White Male Suffrage

all white men can vote and hold office- omitted religious and property requirement

party nominating convention

voters vote on a party's candidates vs closed door meetings

popular election of president

voters choose a states slate of electorscampaigns become directed towards the people- entertaining

Revolution of 1828

Jackson won by saying hes for the common man- personal attacks on adams

Indian removal act

forced resettlement of NAscherokees rebelledWorcester vs GA- laws of GA have no force within cherokee territory- jackson ignores this and forces them out

Trail of Tears

4,000 NA died while forcing cherokee to leave GA

Nullification crisis

SC says they nullify the tariff of abominations- jackson deems this a treasonous and congress makes the tariff lower b/c he doesnt want them to secede

Bank Veto

Andrew Jackson's 1832 veto of the proposed charter renewal for the Second Bank of the United States- thinks bank only helps wealthy ppl

Whig Party vs. Democratic Party

Whig- supports henry clay- like federalistsdemocrats- support jackson- like dem reps

Panic of 1837

banks close, depression- jacksons opposition to rechartering the bank= cause

2nd Great Awakening

reassertion of puritan teachingscauses: emphasis on democracy- more participatory church services- emotional expressions of belief- market rev= ppl afraid theyre greed and farther form churches