Studied by 55 PeopleWhich of the traits is absent from some cellular microbes? a. a nucleus with a nuclear membrane b. a phospholipid bilayer c. enzymes that are needed for metabolism d. ribosomes required for protein sythesis
Which of the traits is absent from some cellular microbes? a. a nucleus with a nuclear membrane b. a phospholipid bilayer c. enzymes that are needed for metabolism d. ribosomes required for protein sythesis
a. a nucleus with a nuclear membrane
Microbes live on us, in us, and everywhere. Which activities are microbes involved in? a. nitrogen fixation b. fermentation of alcohol c. decomposing dead matter d. supporting our health e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. Hooke + cell theory b. Jenner - vaccines c. Van Leeuwenhoek - germ theory d. Lister - aseptic surgery e. Pasteur - fermentation
c. Van Leeuwenhoek - germ theory. Germ theory was Ignaz Semmelweiss and Joseph Lister. Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living microbes
An agent that reproduces in cells but is NOT composed of cells and contains RNA as it's genetic material is a(n): a. alga b. bacterium c. fungus d. helminth e. virus
e. virus
You are looking at a white cottony growth on a culture medium. Microscopic examination reveals it is multicellular. Which os the following conclusions about this organism is false? a. it has cell walls b. it has DNA enclosed in a nucleus c. it is eukaryotic d. it is a bacterium e. it absorbs organic nutrients
d. it is a bacterium. The microbe multicellular which means it cannot be a bacterium since they are all unicellular
Which of the following applies ONLY to archae? a. these microbes have no nucleus b. these microbes have mitochondria c. these microbes are not true cells d. these microbes have never been shown to cause a disease e. these microbes are unicellular
d. these microbes have never been shown to cause a disease
Which os the following statements about biofilms is false? a. compared to free-living bacteria, biofilms are more sensitive to antibiotics b. biofilms in pipes block the flow of water c. biofilms in your body protect mucous membranes from harmful microbes d. biofilms on medical implants cause infections e. biofilms on rocks provide food for animals
a. compared to free-living bacteria, biofilms are more sensitive to antibiotics. Because biofilms are a culmination of different bacteria, they are much less sensitive to antibiotics and are more difficult to treat
All bacteria are/have: a. unicellular b. flagella c. 70S ribosomes d. a and b e. a and c
e. a and c all bacteria are unicellular and all bacteria have 70s ribosomes. not all bacteria have
What do genes consist of? a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. proteins d. nucleic acids e. both c and d
d. nucleic acids
The antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis. This would most likely interfere with: a. bacterial cell walls b. fungal cell walls c. eukaryotic plasma membranes d. prokaryotic plasma membranes e. genes
c. eukaryotic plasma membranes
Anaerobes cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because: a. anaerobes cannot use oxygen to generate ATP b. anaerobes have thick walls that are impermeable to oxygen c. anaerobes do not have enzymes to detoxify oxygen by products d. oxygen cannot be incorporated as part of the anaerobe's proteins e. oxygen is not required in fermentation
c. anaerobes do not have the enzymes to detoxify oxygen by products
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotic cells? a. their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane b. they lack membrane enclosed organelles c. they have cell walls containing peptidoglycan d. their DNA is not associated with histones e. they lack a plasma membrane
e. they lack a plasma membrane
The curve in Pasteur's swan neck flasks was important because: a. it prevented flies from escaping the flask b. it trapped microbes that would have otherwise entered the flask c. it allowed warm air to reach the broth d. it prevented oxygen rom reaching the broth e. none of the above
b. it trapped microbes that would have otherwise entered the flask
Endospores are important in certain pathogen's lifecycle because: a. they resist heat and disinfection b. they are viable for long periods of time c. they inhibit the host's immune response d. all of the above e. a and b only
e. a and b only
Which of the following is NOT a chemical component of a bacterial cell well? a. cellulose b. peptidoglycan c. teichoic acids d. peptide chains e. n-acetylmuramic acid
a. cellulose
Which has a toxic cell wall? a. gram -ve b. gram +ve c. both a and b d. neither
a. gram -ve gram -ve cell walls contain lipid A, which is an Endotoxin
Which cell cell is easily discolored by alcohol? a. gram -ve b. gram +ve c. both a and b d. neither
a. gram -ve gram -ve bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, versus the gram +ve bacteria which have a very thick peptidoglycan layer
Which cell wall contains teichoic acids? a. gram -ve b. gram +ve c. both a and b d. neither
b. gram +ve
Which cell wall protects against osmotic lysis? a. gram -ve b. gram +ve c. both a and b d. neither
c. both a and b
When bacteria are inoculated into a new sterile nutrient broth, their numbers don't begin to increase immediately. Instead, there isa lag phase that may last for an hour or even several days. Why don't bacterial numbers increase immediately? a. the medium contains inhibitors that prohibit rapid growth of the bacteria, and these must be inactivated before the bacterial numbers will increase b. the bacteria have to establish a biofilm before their numbers can increase c. the bacteria must adjust to the nutrient content in the new medium, synthesizing necessary amino acids, growth factors, and enzymes d. there are not enough nutrients for the bacteria to grow, and growth is delayed until there are some dead cells to cannibalize e. none of the above reasons
c. the bacteria must adjust to the nutrient content in the new medium, synthesizing necessary amino acids, growth factors, and enzymes
Penicillin controls the growth of some bacteria by: a. destroying the cell membrane b. inhibiting all protein synthesis c. removing the cell wall d. preventing peptidoglycan synthesis e. inhibiting DNA replication
d. preventing peptidoglycan synthesis
Which of the following is not a common bacterial shape? a. cocci b. rods. c. disc d. spirochete e. bacilli
d. disc
Which of the following statements about substrate-level phosphorylation is false? a. it involves the direct transfer of high-energy phosphate group from a phosphorylated metabolic compound to ADP b. it does not involve electrons transferred between compounds c. it occurs in glycolysis d. the oxidation of intermediate metabolic compounds releases energy that is used to generate ATP e. it occurs in the Krebs cycle
d. the oxidation of intermediate metabolic compounds releases energy that is used to generate ATP
Substrate-level phosphorylation is one of the 3 ways organisms form ATP by adding phosphoryl group to ADP.
ADP = Adenosine + 2 Phosphate groups ATP = Adenosine + 3 Phosphate groups
Which of the following is the best definition of fermentation? a. the reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid b. the oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors c. the complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 and H2o d. the production of energy by substrate-level phosphorylation e. the production of ethanol from glucose
b. the oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors
Which of the following statements are true? a. all bacteria are prokaryotic organisms b. all bacteria are unicellular c. all fungi are eukaryotic d. all cells have a cell wall e. a, b, and c
e. a, b, and c mycoplasma are a bacteria but they lack a cell wall, so d is not true
Most human pathogens are: a. thermophiles and acidophiles b. mesophiles and neutrophiles c. psychrophyles and halophiles d. thermophiles and halophiles e. mesophiles and acidophiles
b. mesophiles and neutophiles Mesophiles: moderate temp. loving, 10-47 °C Optimum: 25-40 °C, human body temp is 37°C
Neutrophiles: pH 6.5-7.5, body pH is about 7
Which type of organism will use O2 when it is available but will live without it if it is not? a. facultative anaerobes b. obligate anaerobes c. microaerophiles d. obligate aerobes e. aerotlerant
a. facultative anaerobes obligate anaerobes cannot live at all in the presence of oxygen. obligate aerobes cannot live at all without the presence of oxygen. microaerophiles need oxygen to survive but are killed when it very high concentrations of oxygen. Aerotlerant microbes can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not need to for growth
Which is the correct order of taxonomic categories, going from most specific to most general? a. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus b. division, domain, kingdom, class, genus, family c. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom d. species, family, class, order, phylum, kingdom e. genus, species, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
c. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
**dreary kings play chess on fancy glass sets
Acellular entities that are obligate intracellular parasites are: a. archae b. yeasts c. molds d. viruses e. protozoa
d. viruses
Which of the following is NOT a function or characteristic of capsules? a. it forms extensions that increase motility of organisms b. it can protect the cell against dehydration c. it allows the organisms to stick to surfaces d. it is usually made of carbohydrates and proteins e. it is antiphagocytic
a. it forms extensions that increase motility of organisms Pili form extensions to transfer genetic material from bacteria to bacteria
Fimbriae and Flagella are used for motility
You have isolated a new organism from a salty lake. Upon microscopic observation you notice that it is unicellular, has a cell wall, lysosomes, and mitochondria. It is most probably going to be classified under: a. prokaryotae b. eukarya c. monera d. archae e. eubacteria
b. eukarya prokaryotae do not have mitochondria, eubacteria are prokaryotic, prokaryotes fall under "monera", and archae are prokaryotic
Which of the following is true of scientific names assigned to living organisms? a. the scientific name often includes the common name, such as Yeast of Human b. the entire scientific name is always capitalized c. the scientific name is made up of a single kingdom name d. the scientific name is always underlined or italicized e. the scientific name only includes the genus of an organism
d. the scientific name is always underlined or italicized
You have a fresh culture of Staphylococcus aureus growing in a medium. This bacterium replicates every 30 minutes. If you start with 8.9 x 10^5 bacteria, after 3 hours, you will have ______ bacteria: a. 8.9 x 10^7 b. 5.7 x 10^6 c. 5.7 x 10^7 d. 4.6 x 10^6 e. 2.3 x 10^8
c. 5.7 x 10^7
Mf = Mi x 2^n ... n = 1 generation
the bacteria replicates every 30 minutes so after 3 hours it will have generated 6 times. n = 6. Mi = 8.9 x 10^5. Mf = (8.9 x 10^5) x 2^6 = 5.7 x 10^7
During aerobic respiration: a. pyruvic acid is converted to ethanol b. each NADH produces 4 ATP molecules c. one molecule of ATP is produced when glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid d. the complete oxidation of 2 glucose molecules produces 70 ATP molecules e. during kreb's cycle, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced from one glucose molecule
e. during kreb's cycle, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced from one glucose molecule
Aerobic Respiration = Glycolysis: -2 ATP, +2 ATP +2 ATP = net 2 ATP; 2 NADH Prep Stage: 0 ATP, 2 NADH Kreb's Cycle: +2 ATP, +6 NADH, +2 fADH2
Total = 4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 fADH2 from 1 glucose molecule
1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 fADH2 = 2 ATP
1 glucose molecule = 4 ATP + 3 (10 NADH) + 2 (2 fADH2) = 4 ATP + 30 ATP + 4 ATP = 38 ATP total
The tolerance of facultative anaerobic bacteria to superoxide ion is due to: a. lack of chytochrome C oxidase b. lack of peroxidase c. presence of superoxide dismutase and catalase d. inability to form superoxide radicals e. the pumping of superoxide ions out of the cell
c. presence of superoxide dismutase and catalase
How many ATP molecules are produced from the fermentation of 4 glucose molecules to lactic acid by a bacterium? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 e. 10
d. 8
glucose molecules are fermented into lactic acid in glycolysis. during glycolysis, 2 net ATP are produced, and 2 NADH are produced. 1 NADH = 3 ATP, so 2 NADH = 6 ATP. 6 ATP + 2 ATP = 8 ATP
Enzymes are biological catalysts because: a. they speed up the rate of a reaction b. they are never used up in a reaction c. they decrease the activation energy of a reaction d. a and b e. a, b, and c
e. a, b, and c
Robert Koch's studies on Bacilllus anthracis established a sequence of experimental steps to prove that microbes: a. cause disease b. recycle elements such as nitrogen c. control insect pests d. produce antiviral compounds e. can be altered to produce products such as human insulin
a. cause disease He extracted this bacterium from a sheep which had died of anthrax, grew it and injected a mouse with it. The mouse developed the disease as well.
Which of the following are correctly matched? a. Koch and microscopy b. Fleming and antibiotics c. Pasteur and antisepsis d. Ehrlich and vaccinations e. Van Leewenhoek and spontaneous generation
b. Fleming and antibiotics
Microscopy - Van Leewenhoek Antisepsis - Lister Vaccinations - Jenner Spontaneous generation - Needham, Spallanzani
All of the following concerning the gram positive cell wall are true except: a. it contains a backbone of NAG - NAM joined by beta 1,4 linkage b. the lipid A embedded in the peptidoglycan can cause fever and shock c. the teichoic acids can be attached to the thick peptidoglycan layer d. it is important in protecting the cell from osmotic lysis e. tetrapeptides re found attached to the NAM component of the peptidoglycan
b. the lipid A embedded in the peptidoglycan can cause fever and shock
lipid A is only found in gram -ve bacteria
Which statement concerning glycolysis is false: a. one end product of glycolysis is 2 molecules of NADH b. substrate level phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis c. glycolysis is a common step in both respiration and fermentation d. during glycolysis 2 net molecules of ATP are generated from 1 glucose molecule e. glucose is reduced to CO2 and H2O
e. glucose is reduced to CO2 and H2O
During the stationary phase of bacterial growth: a. the number of new bacteria is equal to the number of dead bacteria b. the number of new bacteria is less than the number of dying bacteria c. the number of newly generated cells is larger than the number of dying cells d. the bacteria are neither dying nor replicating e. none of the above
a. the number of new bacteria is equal to the number of dead bacteria
During the oxidation of glucose in glycolysis, electrons are transferred to: a. lactic acid b. NAD+ c. NADH d. fADH2 e. FAD+
b. NAD+ In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized into 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
(NAD+) + (Hydrogen) = NADH
In bacteria, the cell membrane functions in all of the following ways except: a. regulates movement of the materials in and out of the cell b. synthesizes cell wall components c. is the site for protein synthesis d. assists with DNA replication e. is the site for ATP production
c. is the site for protein synthesis
protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm, not the cell membrane
Factors giving bacteria resistance to antibiotics can be carried on small structures called: a. nuclei b. mitochondria c. plasmids d. ribosomes e. nuceloids
c. plasmids
plasmids are an extra chromosomal piece of circular DNA, usually carries genes that are not essential for survival
A fungus growing on a piece of bread in your refrigerator is a: a. thermophile b. acidophile c. psychrophile d. halophile e. mesophile
c. psychrophile
Psychrophiles = cold loving, 0-15 °C
Which of the following are important in attachment of bacteria to host cells? a. plasma membrane - flagella b. fimbriae - capsules c. fimbriae - endospores d. plasmids - capsules e. cilia - capules
b. fimbriae - capsules
A bacterial cell is found to be resistant to high temperatures, phagocytosis, and lives in high salt concentrations. Which of the following describes it best? a. acidophile, endospore, fimbriae b. acidophile, capsule, fimbriae c. halophile, endospore, capsule d. halophile, cell wall, endospore e. mesophile, halophile, fimbriae
c. halophile, endospore, capsule
Halophile = salt loving Capsule = resistant to phagocytosis Endospore = makes bacteria resistant to high temperatures