R SOC 260 Content After Midterm

food security

Food is available, accessible and affordable. Food security exists when adequate food is available to all people on a regular basis

food sovereignty

Includes cultural and collective rights to foods. Indigenous food sovereignty includes reclaiming traditional food practices and revitalizing food systems

5 disruptions to Indigenous sovereignty

• Land dispossession: borders and reserves that limit access to food harvesting grounds

• Genocidal practices of assimilation: residential schooling, banning of ceremonies and cultural practices: removal from harvesting grounds and food practice protocols

• Settler economy relegated women’s roles to the home and away from land/water-based food practices

• Cottage colonization: privatization of Indigenous land for tourism/recreation

• Environmental damage/contamination by extractive industries

Resurgence

(according to Leanne Simpson 2011) involves the “flourishment” of Indigenous knowledges, laws, languages, and practices as integral elements of Indigenous self-determination

indigenous foodways

resurgence of … … is an example of sustainable self-determination and is a resurgent process

legitimate resistance

negotiations with the state and peaceful protest (treaties, land claims, self-governance); eg. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada and Anishinaabe Trappers agreement: positive but lots of uncertainty and bureaucracy

illegitimate resistance

direct action, more confrontational eg. Roadblocks, refusing to attend court cases

pristine

“Where non-Indigenous Canada sees a … landscape, we see ghosts of the nations who lived there, the overgrown aftermath of genocide”

millennia

humans have been disturbing primary forests for …

increase

Indigenous agroforestry systems can … biodiversity

secure tenure and youth involvement

Indigenous peoples need more … in order to restore balance in forests for the future

methods for marine conservation

… are: closed fishing areas/seasons, allowing for portion to escape, holding excess in enclosures, banning keeping small fish/taking turtle eggs/destroying turtle habitat, and restricting fisheries/harvest/number of traps

two-eyed seeing represents

… not the integration, but coexistence/complementarity of knowledge systems in research and management

etuaptmumk

Mi’kmaq for two-eyed seeing

netukulimk

Mi’kmaq for sustainability

Elder Albert Marshall

… said that two-eyed seeing was: “learning to see from one eye with the strength of IK and and ways of knowing, and from the other eye with Western science and ways of knowing, and to use both these eyes together, for the benefit of all”

western fisheries management

fishing as business, realist (one reality), objectivist, values excluded, experimental (top down), control of nature

Indigenous fisheries management

fishing as a sustainable livelihood, relativisit (mulitple realities), intersubjective, values included, participatory, interconnected to nature

steps for two-eyed seeing in fisheries

• co-developing questions in research (power neutrality)

• consilience in research (agreement between two different knowledge systems)

• bringing different experiences together and making decisions together (policy influence)

Mutehekau Hipu

the Innu name for the Magpie river

Environmental personhood

(or legal personhood) movement is a strategy to address governments failing to protect the environment, and draws from the increasing recognition of Indigenous Peoples' rights and legal concepts

2021

In Feburary …, the Magpie river became the first river in Canada to be granted legal personhood

resolutions

The work toward these … and the … themselves in relation to the personhood of the Magpie river can be considered a good example of two-eyed seeing in action

9 rights granted to the Magpie river

are:

• the right to live, exist, and to flow

• the right to respect for it’s natural cycles

• the right to evolve naturally and be protected/preserved

• the right to maintain its natural biodiversity

• the right to perform its essential functions within the ecosystem

• the right to maintain its integrity

• the right to be free from pollution

• the right to be regenerated and restored

• the right to sue

NAM

THE NORTH AMERICAN MODEL OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION

perpetuates settler colonialism

the NAM … by their anthropocentric view of animals as resources to be extracted and how they ignore Indigenous histories, laws, knowledge systems and lived experiences and imposing regulations that interrupt Indigenous lifeways and identities

Indigenous wildlife conservation

• animals and plants are not owned or wild but are agents in reciprocal relationships (personhood based on spirit but more so on participation in networks of living relationships)

• TEK highlights relationality, explicit values, and broader/more holistic perspective on ecological systems

Western wildlife management

• wildlife resources are a public trust, and science is the proper tool to discharge wildlife policy

Indigenous Guardianship programs

(IGPs): reestablishing traditional roles as environmental stewards through participating and shaping monitoring and management; Guardians seen as the eyes and ears of traditional territory, land and water: local participation in leadership and
monitoring is key for intergenerational knowledge transfer and cultural revitalization; focus in holistic knowledge (eliminates gaps) and provides long-term trends

IGPs and two eyed seeing

IGPs work with communities, non-governmental
organizations, governments, and industry to bridge gaps in monitoring and facilitate holistic approaches: two-eyed seeing for better information and results.

Canada Target 1

(2015) By 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial areas and inland water, and 10% of marine and coastal areas of Canada are conserved through networks of protected areas and other effective area-based measures

IPCAs

(Indigenous protected and conserved areas; “lands and waters where Indigenous governments have the primary role in protecting and conserving ecosystems through Indigenous laws, governance and knowledge systems."

reconciliation

IPCAs are both important to biodiversity conservation
goals and to … in Canada, help to address historic exclusions of Indigenous communities from conservation projects and policy making.

decolonial

IPCAS represent a … approach to environmental stewardship in Canada by involving inclusive
decision making (collaboration/ two-eyed seeing),
respect for Indigenous rights and titles (systemic change, Indigenous self-determination and resurgence)

MNA IPCA goals:

ecological protection, harvesting opportunities, education, relationship building, healing the land, and citizen accessibility

Willo Prince methods for fixing climate change:

Indigenous-led actions rooted in respect for the land, self-determination, and the upholding of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC)

Jesse Wente definition for landback:

Indigenous self-determination and control over territories and resources, focusing on regaining decision-making power, achieving equitable access, and ensuring Indigenous peoples have control over how these lands and resources are managed, rather than just symbolic gestures

4 things to do to help land back:

• Lift the burden of education off the shoulders of your Indigenous friends and colleagues

• research whose land you are on and start a conversation (recognition)

• Hold public leaders accountable for policy

• watch and share a webinar which examine Indigenous rights and responsibilities

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Indigenous peoples could be more involved by granting them seats at the table, recognising their knowledge as valid, and contributing funding to their projects

phenology

“the science dealing with the influence of climate on the recurrence of such annual phenomena of animal and plant life as budding and bird migrations”. Indigenous peoples have this because they hold holistic, in depth, place-based observations over time, leading to deep these understandings. (Knowledge that can’t be separated from people and places that hold it). (We engaged with this through our Field observations)

Ethical space

where space is held for both Western science and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (holistic; not appropriated or misinterpreted “pieces” of Indigenous Knowledge)

Indigenous worldviews have in common the

… philosophical and spiritual understandings
of the world that focus on respectful relationships, environmental sustainability and future generations; RECIPROCITY

Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim

Chair of UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues; advocates for funding to be more directly allocated to Indigenous organizations (Sovereignty) “nothing about us without us”: morally right (Reconciliation) and more effective solutions such as Indigenous/local forest land tenure and Indigenous Guardian programs