Unit 4 history quest

James Monroe Era of Good Feelings Tariff of 1816 John Marshall 2nd Bank of the U.S. McCulloch v Maryland Panic of 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 Rise of nationalism American system Henry Clay The Bank War Whig Party The corrupt bargain Andrew Jackson mudslinging Indian Removal Act Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Sectionalism The Spoils System The Tariff of Abominations (1828) common/self-made man Universal manhood suffrage William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass The North Star The Liberator Liberia American Colonization Society (ACS) Abolition “King Cotton” Missouri Compromise Eli Whitney Industrialization Cotton gin Turnpikes/railroads/trains Interchangeable parts Steamboats Textile mills Railroads Manifest Destiny

Hartford convention

• secret meetings between 184015 during/after the war of 1812

• new England federalists are upset with the war and consider secession→they decide not to in the end

• instead, they drafted constitutional amendments strengthening state controls over commerce and militias

Effects of the war of 1812

1. increased American patriotism

2. weakened native resistance and resulted in their loss of land

3. demise of federalist party

   1. seen as traitors after hartford convention

4. enter era of good feelings

Era of good feelings

• time after war of 1812, people not divided over political issues or war

• patriotism grows

Presidents after the War of 1812

1. Monroe: 1816-1824

2. John Quincy Adams: 1824-1828

3. Jackson: 1828-1838

James monroe

• 1816-1824 (5th president)

• Expansionist (Adams-onis treaty, Monroe doctrine)

• promoted industry in the US (tariff of 1816, American system)

• panic of 1819

• Missouri compromise (36th parallel)

Tariff of 1816

• a 25% tax on all wool and cotton goods imported into the United States from foreign nations

• Tariff of 1816 promoted the growth of industry→by placing a tariff democratic republicans betrayed their former principals by using federal power to help industrialists and workers

• Henry clay was a big advocate of economic nationalism and thought the protective tariff was a part of a federal program he called the American System

American system

• Textbook: Henry clay’s federal program designed to stimulate the economy with internal improvements and create a self sufficient nation

• a three-step plan by Henry Clay. This plan worked to place high taxes on imports, re-charter the 2nd bank of the U.S., and provide federal money for internal improvements like roads and canals.

Henry clay

• Clay wanted the government to build new roads and canals to link the atlantic states with the midwest→said internal improvement would tie regions together in a harmonious way

• Clay wanted the reestablishment of a national bank (the first one made during Washington's presidency expired in 1811)→expiration let private and state banks print their own money→uncertainty about the value of money

• Clay said a national bank would have federal control over US money and bank practices

Adams onis treaty

• Adams-onis treaty resolved territorial disputes between the U.S. and Spain, ceding Florida & Oregon to the U.S.

• 1819

Boom and bust cycle

• National market emerged→more enterprises became connected over bigger distances

• Economy became subject to period shocks, boom and bust cycle

• boom →high consumer demand expands production, busts→supply exceeds demand, prices fall and production is lower→workers fired

Panic of 1819

• 3 great panics: 1819, 1837, 1857 

• Panics hurt farmers and planters as demand declined for grain or cotton→farmers and planters could not pay debts→lost their properties to lawsuits and foreclosures

• Panics→worker and farmers doubt capitalism and blame the bank of the US

• Panics lifted after 1 or 2 years→boom returned→economic revivals stopped the doubts

American renaissance

Rise in nationalism→the American Renaissance ensued→literature reflected the nationalistic spirit. James Cooper of New York became the first American to be a novelist→wrote the leatherstocking tales.

Monroe doctrine

• 1823

• Responded to threats by european powers to help spain get back their latin american colonies

• the doctrine declared european monarchies had no business meddling with american republics and promised that the US would stay out of european affairs

John Marshall

•  chief justice from 1801-1835

• favored a strong federal government and a national economy

• Marshall court claimed power to review the acts of congress and of the president for constitutionality, established by Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Second national bank

• 1816 congress established the second bank of the united states

McCulloch v Maryland

• Marshall court said federal law was superior to states law by McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

  • The case was about federal banks being placed in states across the US and threatening state banks→maryland tried to tax the federal banks out of existence→maryland law struck down because the marshall court said no state could tax the bank

The bank war

• 2nd National Bank is Chartered in 1816 w/ 20 year charter

  • McCulloch v. Maryland supports the National Bank

• 1832: Congress tries to create legislation before the charter expires 

• Jackson VETOES legislation to support the bank

• Jackson tried to withdraw federal deposits from the bank 

  • Fired the Treasury Secretary who did not comply and appointed one of his allies 

• Congress agreed that this went beyond his power as the president 

  • Congress censured (formally disapproved of) Jackson

    • Minority - Democratic Party

Missouri compromise

• Nationalism failed to suppress regional differences in the us→nation was hard to govern

• Missouri entered the US in 1819→if it was a slave state the slave states would outnumber the no slave states and same with if it wasn’t a slave state

• 1820 Clay made the missouri compromise→northern massachusetts would be maine to balance missouri being accepted as a slave state

• The compromise also drew the 36th parallel across the continent to the west and said that states under the line would be slave states and north of the line would be free states

Election of 1824

JQA=John Quincy adams

• JQA won fewer popular votes-no electoral college majority

• JQA chosen by the house of representative

  • known as the corrupt bargain

• mudslinging occurred during this election (candidates JQA and Jackson insulting each other)

The corrupt bargain

• when JQA was chosen by the HOR to be president

• it was believed that political alliances (Henry Clay) got Adams into the presidency

• feelings that if the people had a say there would’ve been a different president

Jackson

• 1828-1836

• Jackson runs in the new democratic party

• Jackson defeats JQA with a base of “common men”

  • JQA runs with the national Republicans who would later become the whigs

Spills system (patronage)

• democrats reward loyal people with government jobs

  • Ex: senator Martin Buren supported Jackson during the election→ appointed as his secretary of state

• ostracized those who did not follow party discipline

tariff of abominations

• 1828

• tax on imported goods that benefited northern industrialists and harmed southern farmers

  • south could not import necessary goods

  • foreign countries would not want to import American goods (like crops the south was growing)

nullification crisis of 1833

• south Carolina votes to nullify the tariff of abominations and threatens to secede if they are forced to employ it

• force bill lets Jackson send troops to sotuh Carolina to enforce the law

• congress reduces tariffs on imports

• south Carolina suspends the nullification of the tariff but nullifies the force bill

nullification crisi and civil war

• south Carolina does NOT secede over the tariff of abominations

• south Carolina DOES secede over the issue of slavery

5 civilized native tribes

1. chickasaw

2. chocktaw

3. creek

4. cherokee

5. seminole

• considered to be “civilized” because they developed extensive economic ties within the US

• some learned English and adopted some American culture too

the Indian removal act

• may 1830

• signed into law by Andrew jackson

  • natives would be required to exchange their territory for land west of the Missouri river

Worcester v Georgia

• 1832

• Georgia tried to force natives out of their territory

  • Cherokee nation sues

• supreme court said that because natives are considered a sovereign nation, they shouldn’t have to abide by state laws

• supreme court sided with the Cherokee nation

the trail of tears

• 1838-1839

• movement of cherokee natives to reservations in present day oaklahoma

• 16,000 Cherokees were forced to walk from Georgia/Florida to Oklahoma

• ~1/4 of Cherokees died along the journey due to exposure, hunger, and disease etc.

Slavers during the Anetbellum era (before the civil war)

• cotton gin→increased demand for cotton and enslaved workers needed to grow and pick cotton

  • cotton=staple of the south

• big increase in slavery from 1790-1860 (even though slaves couldn’t be imported) because slaves reproduced and smuggling

Nat turner’s rebellion

• 1831

• Nat Turner was an enslaved laborer and priest

  • literate

• launched the largest and most deadly slave rebellion in the US

  • killed 55 white men, women, and children

• nearly 36 african Americans were killed without trial in response, many others were sent to death

Impact of Nat Turner’s rebellion

• white southerners: anxieties about future rebellions and the actions of enslaved laborers

  • laws prohibiting literacy of black people

• abolitionists: saw this as an example of enslaved peoples’ hatred for the system of slavery

Frederick Douglass and north start

• Born in MD into slavery

• escaped→became a leader of the abolition movement in the north

• published autobiographies and gave speeches to describe conditions of slavery/emancipation

• published the north star newspaper →discussed equal rights

• educated

Harriet jacobs

• born into slavery in SC

• escaped to the north, abolitionist

• writes autobiograph describing the harsh condition of enslaved women

• autobio is incidents in the life of a slave girl

william lloyd garrison and the liberator

• american abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer

• advocated for immediate emancipation and equal rights

• founded and published the newspaper the liberator

  • the paper was discouraged in the south

american colonization society

• advocated that free African Americans should migrate back to africa

• created by southern leaders

• established liberia, a colony in Africa to send free blacks

  • most free blacks stayed in the US

• wanted to get rid of free blacks because they were advocating for equal rights for all

Westward expansion

• the US is developing new technologies

• belief that moving west will improve the lives of Americans and natives

industrial revolution

• 1700s-1800s

• transition of the economy from being predominantly agricultural to being manufacturing based

• improved transportation, better production of goods

Manufacturing

• textile mills and factories: relied on water power

  • led to the creation of goods like clothing and shoes that were no longer hand sewed

• cotton gin: made by Eli whitney

  • made it easier to separate the cotton plant from the seed

  • increased need from slavery to meet the demand of cotton pickers

• steamboats: burned wood or coal to create steam

  • allowed ships to travel against current and faster transport on water

• canals: man made water ways that provided transport of goods

  • review canal connected NYC and the great lakes

• railroads: utilized steam engines to travel quickly over mountains

  • MOST efficient transport method

transport/manufacturing

• interchangeable parts: standard tools that could be used across machines

  • allowed mass production of parts/more efficient creation of goods

communication

telegraph: uses Morse code to send messages (no longer reliant on people/animals for messages)

manifest destiny

the cultural beliefs the US had a god given ability to spread liberty and democracy and thus expansion was inevitable

King cotton

King Cotton refers to the dominant role that cotton played in the Southern economy and society during the early 19th century, particularly in the context of the Agricultural South.

order of presidents

1. george washington

2. John adams

3. Thomas jefferson

4. James madison

5. James monroe

6. John Quincy adams

7. Andrew jackson

8. Martin van buren

universal manhood suffrage

• all men can vote

• most people voted for Jackson in 1828, the “common man”

whig party

• Democrats (south) were for the war with mexico, whigs (north) opposed war

• Whigs believed polk deliberately provoked war by sending the troops to texas and feared polk would try to annex california and new mexico and make them slave states

• Whigs did not block the declaration of war because it had popular support and they remembered the demise of the federalist party after opposing the war of 1812

Polk compromises on Oregon

• Northern democrats felt betrayed because Polk promised all of oregon but in 1846 compromised with britain to split oregon at the 49th parallel

• Polk compromised because the US couldn't handle 2 wars, and it already began war with mexico by the time the compromise was over

•  Polk supported the texans claim on land west of the nueces river→mexicans were angry and refused to recognize the annexation