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144 Terms

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politics

process by which political leaders are selected and the policies they pursue

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political participation

the ways people get involved in politics

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single-issue groups

interest groups whose members vote based on a single issue

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4 linkage institutions

political parties, elections, mass media, and interest groups

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4 policy making institutions

legislative, executive, and judicial branches and bureaucracy (unelected people who work for the government)

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public policy

a choice that the government makes in response to a political issue

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policy impacts

the effects that a policy has on people and problems (ex. court decisions)

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democracy

a system in which policy represents and responds to the public’s preferences. needs views from all sides to function effectively

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pluralist theory

policy is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies. groups must come to a compromise.

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elitist theory

societies are decided along class lines and the upper-class with rule. policies benefit those with money and power.

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participatory theory

the more people who vote the better it is for everyone

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challenges to democracy

increased complexity of issues makes it harder for citizens to make decisions, limiting participation in government

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five elements of american political culture

liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, laissez-faire, populism.

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liberty

freedom

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egalitarianism

equality of opportunity

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individualism

people can/should get ahead on their own

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laissez-faire

promotes free market and limited government in the economy

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populism

supporting the rights of averaged citizens in their struggle against privileged elites (ex. against big pharma)

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declaration of independence

clearly lists the reasons for the separation from england

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articles of confederation

first form of government, loose association between states, unicameral legislature

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aoc unicameral legislature

each state with one representative, president over the congress, no us president, no taxes, no military, passes laws with super-majority.

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military was disband

congress had to ask states for money, but they didn’t provide it

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shay’s rebellion

were supposed to be paid for fighting in the war, but they weren’t. they marched on banks and courthouses because their farms were going to be foreclosed on. they couldn’t be fought against bc there was no army.

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aoc weaknesses

difficult to pass legislation, amendment needed unanimous vote, no executive branch, congress couldn’t regulate trade, no monetary system.

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philadelphia convention

secret meeting to create a new government

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washington and franklin

limited national authority based on separation of powers

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rutledge and morris

didn’t trust the common man to govern

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hamilton and others

wanted a monarch

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madison and wilson

wanted a central government founded on popular support

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the great compromise (connecticut) why it was needed

small states wanted equal representation and big states wanted representation based on population

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the great compromise (connecticut)

created a bicameral legislature

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house of representatives

based on population

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senate

each state has two members

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separation of powers

james madison, legislative/create, executive/enforce, judicial/interpret.

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checks and balances

each branch has specific powers and can restrict the powers of another branch

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the constitution needed -/- votes to be ratified

9/13

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federalists

were in favor of a strong central government and pushed for the constitution

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anti-federalists

wanted a weak central government and tried to block the constitution

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bill of rights

first ten amendments

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we have to bill of rights because

support was needed by the necessary number of states so that the constitution would pass

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first amendment

freedoms of speech, religion, assembly, petition the government, press

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second amendment

right to bear arms

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third amendment

not to quarter soldiers

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fourth amendment

unreasonable search and soldiers

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fifth amendment

guarantees rights in a criminal case

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rights in criminal cases

indicted by grand jury, protect from self-incrimination, protects from double jeopardy, right of due process, eminent domain

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eminent domain

private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation

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sixth amendment

protects the right of those accused of a crime

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sixth amendment rights

speedy, public trial, informed of charges, to question witnesses, to a lawyer

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seventh amendment

right to a jury trial in civil cases worth over twenty-dollars

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eighth amendment

cruel and unusual punishment and excesive bail

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ninth amendment

we enjoy other rights not listed in the constitution

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ninth amendment rights

live where we want, work any job we want, get education, marry, and travel freely

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tenth amendment

powers not specifically given to the federal government are then given to the state

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eleventh amendment

if you sue a different state the case is heard in the state being sued

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twelfth amendment

president and vice president run on the same ballot

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thirteenth amendment

outlawed slavery

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fourteenth amendment

equal protection under the law

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fifteenth amendment

african americans have the right to vote

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sixteenth amendment

created income tax

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seventeenth amendment

created direct election of senators by the people

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eighteenth amendment

prohibition

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prohibition

illegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcohol

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nineteenth amendment

right for women to vote

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twentieth amendment

lame-duck amendment- limited time between vote to office nov-march to nov-jan

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twenty-first amendment

repealed prohibition

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twenty-second amendment

limited the president to two terms

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twenty-third amendment

gave washington dc a vote in the presidential election

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twenty-fourth amendment

prohibits poll taxes

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twenty-fifth amendment

order of presidential succession, president to appoint vice, president to turn power over

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twenty-sixth amendment

lowers voting age from 21 to 18

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twenty-seventh amendment

any raised granted to congress doesn’t take affect until the next election

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proposing an amendment

2/3 vote by both bodies of congress or a special convention of both state legislatures

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ratifying an amendment

¾ of state legislatures must approve it or a special convention in each state

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federalism

organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people

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unitary government

organizing a nation so all power resides in the centeral government

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why is federalism so important

decentralizes politics and policies

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what it means to decentralize our politics

more opportunities for political participation

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what does decentralizes our policies

federal and state governments handle different problems

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states are often _____

testing grounds for new federal policies

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supremacy clause

article vi of the constitution states the us constitution, laws of congress, and treaties are supreme

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implied powers

not written but obvious

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mcculloch v maryland

congress had implied powers in addition to its enumerated powers

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gibbons v odgen

defined commerce very broadly to encompass virtually every form of commercial activity

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Constitution article that focuses on federalism

fourth amendment

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full faith and credit

article iv of constitution requires each state to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of all other states

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privileges and immunities

constitution requires states to give citizens of each state the privilege of citizens of other states

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dual federalism

a system of government in which both states and national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for

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dual federalism is called

layered cake

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cooperative federalism

a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government

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cooperative federalism is also called

marbled cake

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concurrent power

both state/fed govs have powers that overlap

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devolution

transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government and local government

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fiscal federalism

pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system

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the grant system

distributing the federal pie

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unfunded mandates

federal government forcing programs on states without giving them money

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categorical grants (project grants and formula grants)

can be used for specific purposes and have strings attached

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block grants

support programs in community development and social services

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equal access act

law that restricts the ability of public high schools to exclude religious extracurricular groups

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american civil liberties union

ensures that american individual rights and liberties are not being infringed