vierk 3.1-3.4

Progressive Belief in Societal Improvement

The idea that society can become better through organized efforts and logical thinking, aiming to achieve fairness and fix problems within government systems.

Progressive Critique of the Sherman Antitrust Act

The belief that the Sherman Antitrust Act did not adequately tackle the issues created by large corporate monopolies and was ineffective in stopping unfair competition among businesses.

Ida Tarbell

A notable journalist famous for her thorough investigation of the Standard Oil Company, uncovering widespread corruption and immoral practices in monopolistic behavior.

Keating-Owens Act

An important law created to protect children by banning the employment of minors in dangerous jobs, signifying a crucial step towards shielding young people from exploitative working conditions.

Galveston Plan

A reform approach in city management that replaced the usual mayor-council setup with an efficient commission system, aimed at improving the way cities are run.

Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Reforms and Republican Party Dynamics

The effects of Roosevelt's progressive changes that caused growing disagreements within the Republican Party, particularly between those who wanted to stick to conservative ideals.

Women in Higher Education by 1900

A marked rise in the number of women attending colleges, showcasing a gradual increase in opportunities for women's education during this period.

Ida B. Wells and Her Advocacy Campaign

A dedicated campaign led by Wells focusing on fighting against lynching and advocating for civil rights, utilizing her writing and public speaking to address racial injustices.

17th Amendment

A change to the Constitution that allowed citizens to directly elect their U.S. Senators instead of having them chosen by state legislatures, creating a closer link between voters and lawmakers.

Carrie Chapman Catt's Women's Suffrage Strategy

A well-organized plan used by Catt to promote women's right to vote, utilizing the influence and resources of women to gain political support.

Margaret Sanger and the Evolution of Reproductive Rights Organization

The founder of a group initially focused on improving reproductive rights, which eventually became a key provider of comprehensive health services for women.

Progressives' View on Minorities

A general perspective among progressives that often neglected the needs and rights of various racial and ethnic groups, highlighting significant biases in their reform approaches.

Booker T. Washington's Gradualist Approach to African American Advancement

A viewpoint suggesting that African Americans should advance gradually through vocational education and economic independence rather than demanding immediate civil rights.

W.E.B. Dubois's Demand for Civil Rights

A strong demand for the immediate recognition and enforcement of the constitutional rights of African Americans, challenging the systemic inequalities they faced.

Takao Ozawa Supreme Court Ruling

A Supreme Court decision that denied Japanese immigrants citizenship, reinforcing racial barriers established by existing immigration laws.

Niagara Movement's Goals

An early civil rights group composed of African American leaders who aimed for immediate reforms in education and voting rights for African Americans.

Founding of the NAACP in 1909

An organization created to fight against racial discrimination and promote civil rights through advocacy and legal action, marking a significant endeavor for equality.

Educational Background of W.E.B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter

Both scholars who attended prestigious universities that greatly influenced their education and intellectual growth, contributing to their activism in civil rights.

Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency and Age

Roosevelt became president after a tragic event, and he was one of the youngest people to take on the role at that time.

New Nationalism Policy Objectives

A policy aimed at increasing government control over large companies to ensure fairness and equity for consumers in the marketplace.

Hepburn Act's Impact on ICC

A law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum rates for shipping, helping to regulate unfair practices in transportation.

Sherman Antitrust Act's Objective

A law established to prevent monopolistic actions and promote fair competition among businesses, reducing the control corporations could have over the market.

Square Deal Concept

An idea that aimed to guarantee fair treatment for everyone involved in the economy, especially to protect small businesses and consumers from being taken advantage of.

Outcome of the 1902 Pennsylvania Coal Miners' Strike

A significant labor strike that prompted federal intervention and negotiations, with the possibility of the federal government stepping in to resolve the situation.

Business Leaders' Concerns About Regulation

Fears expressed by business leaders that government regulations could disrupt their business operations and the natural flow of the free market.

Hull House's Significance

The first settlement house of its kind, providing essential support, education, and resources to immigrants and the urban poor in a large city.

Direct Primary Explained

An electoral process that allows voters to choose party candidates directly, increasing grassroots involvement in politics.

Liquor Industry Opposition to Women's Suffrage

A response from the liquor industry that feared women's right to vote would threaten their interests due to women's active roles in reducing alcohol consumption and promoting public health.

Linking Women's Suffrage with Progressive Reform

An effort by suffragists to connect their push for voting rights with broader progressive reforms, highlighting how their goals were interconnected.

Supreme Court Ruling in Muller v. Oregon

A significant ruling that upheld laws limiting women's working hours based on health and safety considerations, setting important legal standards for labor rights.

Susan B. Anthony's Speech Arguments

In her speech 'Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?', she passionately argued for women's voting rights, claiming that denying those rights violated principles of equality.

Florence Kelley's Advocacy through National Consumer’s League

An initiative focused on promoting ethical labor standards to protect basic human rights and ensure fair treatment in the workforce.

Winning Plan for Women's Suffrage Movement

A strategic plan aimed at gaining voting rights for women by focusing advocacy efforts at both the state and national levels.

Challenges Faced by Working-Class Women

Difficult working conditions marked by long hours and low pay, along with insufficient protections at work, leading to social and economic hardships.

Anti-Defamation League's Mission

An organization founded to combat prejudice, defend against hate crimes, and advocate for justice and fair treatment for all, with a focus on anti-Semitism.

American Indian Citizen Act of 1924

A significant law that granted citizenship rights to Native Americans in the U.S., allowing them to vote and asserting their rights that had been denied for so long.

Carlos Montezuma

A Native American doctor and activist advocating for the rights and recognition of indigenous peoples, working toward social reform.

Urban League's Support of Migration

An organization that helped African Americans moving from rural areas to cities, assisting them in settling in and adjusting to new environments.

Supreme Court Decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

A ruling that upheld the legality of racial segregation, establishing the 'separate but equal' doctrine that allowed discriminatory practices.

National Reclamation Act of 1902 Effects

A law that changed federal water management practices to support agricultural development and improve irrigation methods.

Mann-Elkins Act's Expanded Regulatory Authority

A law that increased the federal government's ability to regulate transportation and communication practices, enhancing oversight.

Woodrow Wilson's Political Strategy

A tactic used by Wilson to exploit divisions within political parties to promote his reform agenda and attract voters looking for change.

Gifford Pinchot's Forestry Advocacy

An approach promoting balanced and sustainable forest management, emphasizing both conservation and the responsible use of resources.

Ludlow Massacre Event

A violent clash between striking miners and state forces that raised awareness about labor rights and the need for worker protections.

Rule of Reason Concept

An interpretation of antitrust laws that adopts a more flexible approach, allowing larger businesses unless determined harmful to competition.