HERS 340 Final

cumulative physiology of exercise final.

What are they 3 ways that ATP is used during muscular contraction?

1. breaking the myosin cross bridge
2. sodium/potassium pump (return to RMP)
3. calcium pumping into SR

What is the primary protein fuel source upon proteolysis that also makes up ~40% of muscle proteins? (fuel for exercise objective \#1)

branched chain amino acids (BCAA's)

What is the function of the Cori cycle? (fuel for exercise objective \#2)

shuttles lactate from the muscle to the liver to produce glucose, and then brings glucose back to the muscle

What is the purpose of rate limiting enzymes? (fuel for exercise objective \#5)

controls bioenergetics by controlling how my ATP is being used

What is the purpose of the ATP-PCr system? (fuel for exercise objective \#5)

to replenish ATP during work/exercise

If the substrates of the PCr system are PCr and ADP, what are the products? (fuel for exercise objective \#6)

ATP and creatine

What are the substrates of glycolysis? (fuel for exercise objective \#6)

glucose or glucose 1-phosphate
ATP
ADP
NAD+

What are the products of glycolysis? (fuel for exercise objective \#6)

ATP
ADP
NADH
Pyruvate (lactate)

What is the rate limiting step and the name of the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis? Is an ATP used or made? (fuel for exercise objective \#5)

fructose 6 --\> fructose 1.6
phosphofructokinase
ATP is used

What is the end product of incomplete oxidation of glucose? (fuel for exercise objective \#7)

lactate (and 2 ATP)

What is the end product of complete oxidation of glucose? (fuel for exercise objective \#7)

pyruvate --\> Acetyl CoA --\> Krebs cycle

Which energy pathway(s) occur in the sarcoplasm? (fuel for exercise objective \#8)

PCr
glycolysis

Which energy pathway(s) occur in the matrix of the mitochondria? (fuel for exercise objective \#8)

Krebs cycle & ETC

Which energy pathway(s) occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane? (fuel for exercise objective \#8)

ETC

True or False: the ETC requires oxygen.

true

True or False:
the Krebs cycle requires oxygen

false

What is the "linker step" between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (fuel for exercise objective \#10)

converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

1 molecule of glucose \= \____ pyruvate, \____ acetyl-CoA, and \____ turns of the Krebs cycle (fuel for exercise objective \#9)

2, 2, 2

What are the substrates of the Krebs cycle? (fuel for exercise objective \#6)

acetyl-CoA
GDP/ADP
3 NAD+
1 FAD

What are the products of the Krebs cycle? (fuel for exercise objective \#6)

oxaloacetate (kind of)
GTP/ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

1 NADH in mitochondrial matrix \= \____ ATP

2.5

1 FADH2 in mitochondrial matrix \= \____ ATP

1.5

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle? (fuel for exercise objective \#5)

isocitrate dehydrogenase

The glycerol phosphate shuttle transports H+'s to matrix from NADH to \_____ (NADH or FADH2) (fuel for exercise objective \#11)

FADH2

The malate aspartate shuttle transports H+'s to matrix from NADH to \_____ (NADH or FADH2) (fuel for exercise objective \#11)

NADH

Why are the shuttles so important? (fuel for exercise objective \#11)

they take the reducing equivalents to the ETC to be used

Briefly explain how ETC works from RE's to H+'s to ATP synthase (fuel for exercise objective \#12)

the reducing equivalents are oxidized (H+'s are removed) and the H+'s are used by ATP synthase to create ATP

What are the substrates for the ETC? (fuel for exercise objective \#6)

NADH
H+
FADH2
1/2 O2
Pi
ADP

What are the products of the ETC? (fuel for exercise objective \#6)

NAD+
FAD
H2O
ATP

True or False: The Electron Transport Chain is oxidative phosphorylation.

true

During high intensity exercise, there is not enough mitochondria to consume all of the lactate being produced. The pyruvate that is not consumed is converted to \________, and shuttled to the liver via the \_____ cycle. (fuel for exercise objective \#14)

lactate, Cori

We use glucose as a fuel increases during \_____(high or low) intensity activity? (fuel for exercise objective \#14)

high

Fatty acids are mobilized from stored triglycerides by \_____ and \_____ (lipase) (fuel for exercise objective \#15)

lipolysis, HSL

Transporting free fatty acids to muscle via \_______ (blood protein) is step \#\___ of MTATO (fuel for exercise objective \#15)

albumin, 2

The activation step of MTATO adds what to the fatty acid? (fuel for exercise objective \#15)

CoA

FFA's are transported into the mitochondria by what enzyme? (fuel for exercise objective \#15)

CPT

In the last step of MTATO FFA's are oxidized via \____. (fuel for exercise objective \#15)

beta oxidation

At what intensity do you burn more fat calories? (fuel for exercise objective \#15)

high intensity

When glycogen states are low, use of protein as fuel \_____ (increases or decreases)? (fuel for exercise objective \#16)

increases

High intensity activity \_____ (increases or decreases) the use of protein as a fuel in order to meet the demands for ATP (fuel for exercise objective \#16)

increases

Is protein used in smaller or larger amounts compared to carbohydrates and fats? (fuel for exercise objective \#16)

smaller

What type of hormone (steroid or non-steroid) is too big to deliver their message directly into the cell? (hormonal control objective \#1)

non-steroid

What type of hormone (steroid or non-steroid) uses 2nd messengers to deliver their message? (hormonal control objective \#1)

non-steroid

What type of hormone (steroid or non-steroid) uses receptors on the target cell's surface? (hormonal control objective \#1)

non-steroid

What type of hormone (steroid or non-steroid) is not lipid soluble and is made from amino acids? (hormonal control objective \#1)

non-steroid

These are examples of what type of hormone (steroid or non-steroid)?
insulin
glucagon
GH
thyroid
adrenal (catacholamines)
(hormonal control objective \#1)

non-steroid

What type of hormone (steroid or non-steroid) delivers the message itself? (hormonal control objective \#1)

steroid

What type of hormone (steroid or non-steroid) diffuses across the cell membrane? (hormonal control objective \#1)

steroid

What type of hormone (steroid or non-steroid) is made from cholesterol? (hormonal control objective \#1)

steroid

What type of hormone (steroid or non-steroid) is lipid soluble? (hormonal control objective \#1)

steroid

These are examples of what kind of hormone (steroid or non-steroid)?
adrenal (cortisol)
sex (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
(hormonal control objective \#1)

steroid

When blood glucose is elevated, the pancreas releases what hormone? (hormonal control objective \#2)

insulin

When blood glucose is low, the pancreas releases what hormone? (hormonal control objective \#2)

glucagon

Name the hormones that maintain glucose by glycogenolysis, and explain how they maintain glycogenolysis (hormonal control objective \#3)

glucagon
catacholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
cortisol

At rest, glucose release from the liver is facilitated by glucagon, which promotes both liver glycogen breakdown and glucose formation from amino acids. During exercise, glucagon secretion increases along with the catacholamines to increase glycogenolysis.

Name the hormones that maintain glucose by gluconeogenesis, and explain how they maintain gluconeogenesis (hormonal control objective \#3)

glucagon
catacholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
cortisol

cortisol increases protein catabolism, freeing amino acids to be used in the liver for gluconeogenesis

Name the hormones that maintain glucose by proteolysis (hormonal control objective \#3)

cortisol

Hormones accelerate fat breakdown by what process? (hormonal control objective \#4)

lipolysis

True or false: specific hormones promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase available glucose during high intensity or long duration exercise (hormonal control objective \#4)

true

Lipolysis is stimulated by what hormones? (hormonal control objective \#4)

insulin (decrease)
epinephrine (increase)
norepinephrine (increase)
cortisol (increase)
GH (increase)

What enzyme stimulates lipolysis? (hormonal control objective \#4 & 5)

HSL

True or False: Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids by lipolysis and HSL. The free fatty acids can then go through MTATO. (hormonal control objective \#5)

True

What are the 3 branched chain amino acids? (fuel for exercise objective \#1)

leucine, isoleucine, valine

Why is the Cori cycle used more during high intensity conditions? (fuel for exercise objective \#2)

lactate builds up in the muscle because the mitochondria can't consume all the pyruvate

\_____ is an increase in the size of existing muscle fibers (adaptations to RT objective \#1)

hypertrophy

\_____ is an increase in the number of muscle fibers (adaptations to RT objective \#1)

hyperplasia

\_____ is the loss of size, or mass, of body tissue with disuse (adaptations to RT objective \#1)

atrophy

In the strength gain timeline, which comes first: neural adaptation or hypertrophy? (adaptations to RT objective \#2)

neural adaptation

The neural adaptation that allows motor units to be recruited at the same time is called \_____ (adaptations to RT objective \#3)

synchronization

The neural adaptation that allows agonist and antagonist muscles to be activated at the same time is called \_____ (adaptations to RT objective \#3)

coactivation

The neural adaptation that allows a motor neuron to override its protective mechanisms for excessive tension is called(adaptations to RT objective \#3)

autogenic inhibition

This neural adaptation allows action potentials to fire faster (adaptations to RT objective \#3)

rate coding of motor units

This neural adaptation is caused by the increased neural drive to a-motor neurons (adaptations to RT objective \#3)

recruitment of motor units

All of these adaptations allow for gains in \____ (adaptations to RT objective \#3)

strength (and eventually hypertrophy)

\_____ hypertrophy is the increased muscle size that develops during and immediately after a single exercise bout (adaptations to RT objective \#3)

transient

What is the term for increased blood flow to places where it is needed? example: increased blood flow to the muscle and decreased blood flow to places it is not needed

vascular shunting

\_____ hypertrophy is the increase in muscle size that occurs with long-term RT (actual structural change) (adaptations to RT objective \#3)

chronic

What type of training (concentric or eccentric) allows for the biggest gains in hypertrophy? (adaptations to RT objective \#3)

eccentric

Individual fiber hypertrophy from RT results from a net increase in \______ synthesis (adaptations to RT objective \#4)

protein

Which of the following are the best to consume post-workout?
fats
protein
carbohydrates

protein and carbohydrates

What hormones most contributes to hypertrophy? (adaptations to RT objective \#4)

testosterone

True or False: Type II fibers become more like type I with aerobic training (adaptations to RT objective \#4)

true

True or False: Type I fibers become more type II like with anaerobic training (adaptations to RT objective \#4)

true

True or False: immobilization, or extreme disuse of muscles will cause an increase in the rate of protein synthesis (adaptations to RT objective \#4)

false
(it will cause a decrease)

What happens to the size and neuralmuscular activity of muscles in muscular atrophy? (adaptations to RT objective \#4)

they decrease

True or False: muscles will only be as strong as they need to be (adaptations to RT objective \#4)

true

What inhibits mTOR?

immobilization and a hypercaloric diet

True or False: You experience DOMS immediately after exercise (adaptations to RT objective \#5)

false
(1-2 days later)

What is the major cause of DOMS? (hint: type of contraction) (adaptations to RT objective \#5)

eccentric contractions

True or false: increased concentrations of muscle enzymes in blood after exercise suggests structural damage may have occurred in the muscle membranes (adaptations to RT objective \#5)

true

True or false: muscle damage helps with hypertrophy (adaptations to RT objective \#5)

true

Why does VO2max increase with chronic training? (adaptations to endurance training \#1a)

the amount of O2 that is extracted from the blood and used by the muscles increases

Why does heart size increase? (adaptations to endurance training \#1b)

left ventricular hypertrophy allows more blood (and more O2) to be pumped throughout the body

Why does stroke volume increase? (adaptations to endurance training \#1c)

increased EDV and preload, increase force of contraction

Why does resting heart rate decrease? (adaptations to endurance training \#1d)

the heart adapts to training by increasing SV, the ventricles have longer to fill, decreasing HR

Why does maximal cardiac output increase? (adaptations to endurance training \#1e)

because of the increase in VO2max and stroke volume

How does blood flow increase? (adaptations to endurance training \#1f)

increased capillarization
greater recruitment of existing capillaries (vasodilation)
vascular shunting to muscles
increased total blood volume

True or False: an adaptation to endurance training is systolic blood pressure increases and diastolic blood pressure decreases at rest (adaptations to endurance training \#1g)

true

What would allow for lower blood pressure when exercising? (adaptations to endurance training \#1g)

nitric oxide causes vasodilation in vessel walls when exercising