Organic Chemistry NCEA Level 2 Reactions & Distinguishing between functional groups

Alkanes with halogens

Alkanes to haloalkanes - needs UV light and/or heat

Alcohols with hydrogen halides, PCl3 PCl5 SOCl2

Alcohol to haloalkane

Haloalkanes with concentrated NH3 (alc)

Haloalkane to amine

Haloalkanes with KOH (aq)

Haloalkane to alcohol - needs heat

Alcohols with conc. H2SO4

Alcohols to alkenes

Haloalkanes with KOH (alc)

Haloalkanes to alkenes - needs heat

Oxidising agents

MnO4/H or Cr2O7(aq)

MnO4 ion plus acid

colour change purple to colourless

MnO4 ion plus no acid

colour change purple to brown

Alkene with MnO4

Alkene to diol

Primary alcohol with oxidising agent

Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid - needs heat

Carboxylic acid

COOH

Amine

NH2

Reaction of a carboxylic acid with a base

forms a salt

Reaction of an amine with an acid

forms a salt

Alkenes with H2/Pt or Ni catalyst

Alkene to alkane

Alkenes with Cl2, Br2

Alkene to haloalkane

Alkenes with hydrogen halides

Alkenes to haloalkane

Alkenes with H20/H or dilute H2SO4

Alkene to alcohol - needs heat

Polymerisation of alkenes

alkene to polymer - needs heat

Alkanes

Insoluble in water, slowly decolourise bromine and bromine water in UV light or heat

Decolourisation of Bromine

Orange to colourless

Cr2O7 plus acid

Colour change orange to green

Alkenes

Insoluble in water, rapidly decolourise bromine and bromine water, burn with smokier/sootier flame than alkanes

Alkynes

Insoluble in water, rapidly decolourise bromine and bromine water, burn with smokier/sootier flame than alkenes

Alcohols

Higher boiling point, C1-8 soluble in water, >C9 insoluble

Haloalkanes

All immiscible with water, react to form alcohols with KOH(aq) and alkenes with KOH(alc)

Amines

As C increases solubility in water decreases, fishy or rotting smell, weak bases, red litmus goes blue, UI goes blue-purple

Geometric isomers

Occur in alkenes because the double c-c bond doesn't rotate. Each carbon in the double bond must have 2 different groups.