HISTORY EXAM

has all vocab for history exam

Ratified

d: to make something official hc: when 9-13 states approved the proposed Constitution, it became the law of the land in those states

Abridging

d: limit a right of privelage hc: you cant limit the 5 freedoms

Infringed

d: actively break the terms of a law hc: cannot infringe the right to bear arms

Quartered

d: to be stationed or lodged in a specific place hc: soldiers cant live in other peoples houses anymore

Warrants

d: authority from judge to search a house/person hc: approved by a judge to search a house

Probable cause

d: reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.). hc: there has to be a good reason for a house to be searched/to get a warrant

Compelled

d: force or oblige (someone) to do something hc: if you are accused of a crime you cant be forced to talk if you dont have a lawyer present

Deprived

d: To take away or not have something important hc: People accused of a crime can't be convicted if they are denied due process

Due process

d: fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement. hc: if accused of a crime you need to be treated fairly through the judicial system, and you have the right to an attorney

Compulsory

d: required by law or a rule hc: its required to do jury duty

Counsel

d: advice hc: people have the right to an attorney if accused of a crime

Bail

d: the temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes on condition that a sum of money be lodged to guarantee their appearance in court. hc: if you are accused of a crime you can get temporarily released if you give the court money, if you go to trial you get the money back

Enumeration

d: mentioning a number of things one by one hc: not all of the rights are listed but that doesn't mean that they don't exist

Construed

d: interpret (a word or action) in a particular way hc: don't assume that you dont have a right just because its not listed

Disparage

d: prepresent as being of little worth hc: the rights are not worthless just because they are not listed

The Antebellum Period

d: the pre war period hc: usually used reffereing to the American Civil War

Sectionalism

d: loyalty to the interests of a region of a country as opposed to nationwide interests hc: main issue leading to the civil war

4 key issues that worsened sectionalism

d: slavery, representation, tariffs, and state rights

Representation

hc: slaves could either be represented as a slave-state or a free-state and congress needed to maintain balance between these two types of states

Missouri Compromise

d: when Missouri was admitted as a slave-state so to keep balance between slave/non-slave states Congress added Maine as a non-slave state. hc: shows that even though there were equal amounts of slave and nonslave states they kept adding more slave states

Abolitionist

hc: someone who wanted to do away with slavery

Tariff

d: any tax

Tariff of Abominations

d: a specific tax on imports. It angered many in the south because they did not make their own goods. Instead, they imported them. The north could make their own goods, so they didn't pay the tax often.
hc: made sectionalism worse

States Rights

d: the rights and powers that individual US states have and the federal government doesn't hc: Southern whites said states had more power than the federal government. Most in the north disagreed.

Nullification

d: the wrong idea is that you can follow whatever rules you want
Calhoun said that under the constitution you could do that -> led to south Carolina seceeding

Secession

d: the action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state hc: To leave the country (union). South Carolina threatened this first among southern states

Benevolent

d: well meaning and kindly hc: Even if a slave master was nice they were always at risk of being sold

Exploitation

d: the act of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work hc: When the world trade center stopped slave masters started making their female slaves have children so they would get more slaves.

Slave codes

d: laws relating to slavery and enslaved people hc: laws that slaves had to follow that considered them property not people and they had no rights.

Subservient

d: prepared to obey other unquestioningly hc: slaves would pretend to obey their masters without questions but they were often practicing a type of resistance

Spirituals

d: a religious song of a kind associated with black christians of the southern US hc: folk songs that were associated with black Christianity and often had secret messages to escape

John Brown

d: an abolitionist- hero to the free slaves, terrorist to the slave states hc: known for being an abolitionist and led a failed slave revolt in Virginia

Election of 1860

d: A victory for the republican Abraham Lincoln, it lead to an immediate secession by 7 Southern states - which was joined by 4 of the other slave holding states hc: the south no longer felt it had a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the union creating the confederate states of america

Fort Sumter

d: the location of the first civil war battle hc: marks the beginning of the civil war

Confederate States of America

d: the states which seceded from the union hc: went against the union to secure slavery

Shermans March to the Sea

d: a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia

Sherman's "total war"

hc: When William T. Sherman and his Union army slashed their way through the south during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian property along the way / a march through georgia to the atlantic coast

Appomattox Courthouse

d: where the confederate army surrendered to the union ending the civil war hc: where the south (general lee) surrendered to the north (Ulysses S Grant)

Radical republicans

d: wanted major civil rights reforms; they were in control of reconstruction - south is under federal control hc: they were in control of reconstruction and getting all of the states in the South to be part of the Union again

Panic of 1873

d: an economic crisis - makes things worse; five year economic depression hc: Freedmans Bureau was very expensive so they decided to stop spending money and stopped reconstruction

US vs Cruikshank

(1876) d: 4th amendment gives everyone civil rights. Groups like the KKK could hurt people but only the people who did the hurting got punsihed. Now this doesnt exist and states go after the people doing the hurting and the group that was starting it

Us vs Reese

(1876) d: creates a loophole in the 15th amendment, leading to voting restrictions such as states using poll taxes and literacy tests hc: started to end reconstruction

Plessy vs Ferguson

(1886) d: allows separate "but equal" public places hc: didnt end up being equal and states started being racist again

Election of 1876

d: at the end of reconstruction and was a tie. The republicans had been in charge and they got reconstruction to work. The election was a very close tie. Hayes (R) and Tilden (D) fought about who won hc: led to the compromise of 1877 (south promises to be kind to free people if reconstruction was ended)

The compromise of 1877

d: Hayes wins the presidency, but with conditions; in exchange, democrats promise to respect rights of african americans hc: Hayes agreed to stop Reconstruction if Samuel would let him be president

Manifest destiny

d: The belief that the US was supposed to expand across north america hc: the US was supposed to grow

Homestead Act of 1862

d: promoted settlement by giving away land hc: caused more people to come to the US

Transcontinental Railroad

d: when the US wanted to expand from east to the west coast, the railroad made this possible. Stretched across the country hc: made traveling easier

Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876

d: A battle where the Native Americans were victorious hc: one of the only battles won by Native Americans

Battle (or massacre) at wounded knee

(1890) d: the last major battle (or massacre) of the Native Americans hc: marked the end of Native American freedom/ not being controlled by the US

Imperialism

d: A policy by which stronger Nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories hc: When a lot of countries had to split up africa because they all wanted land there

Colonialism

d: the implantation of settlements on a distant territory -> the common way that imperialistic countries extended their power over others HC: what the US did to Hawaii

Berlin Conference

hc: a meeting where the imperialist countries of Europe divided up Africa into colonies

Isolationists

d: People who did not support imperialism and wanted to keep trade in the country and stop foriegn affairs

Expansionists (imperialists)

d: favored imperializing other territories beyond the continental US hc: Wanted to expand the US and supported imperialism

White Mans Burden

d: the idea that white men are higher in power then black people / A poem by Rudyard Kipling saying that white people have
a duty to black people. hc: used to justify imperialism

Social darwinism

hc: it made certain groups (especially the European imperial countries like Great Britain) feel they could be justified in taking over lands far away from Great Britain

Spanish-American War

d: a war that started because o the explotion of the USS Maine hc: a 4 month long war that started because the spanish were blamed for blowing up the USS Maine -> the US won

Yellow journalism

d: exaggerated journalism hc: war that started because o the explotion of the USS Maine

USS Maine

d: the boat that the spanish may have blown up

Progressive Era

(1890-1920) d: social, economic, and political reforms took place during this period hc: meant to help the US

Lynching

d: to kill someone by hanging hc: that terrorized Southern blacks

NAACP

d: National Association for the Advancement of colored people hc: wanted to help blacks

Motion picture industry

d: developed a lot during the Progressive era hc: shows that there was a lot of advancement in technology

"Birth of a Nation"

d: A movie directed by D.W. Griffith supported the KKK and their racism towards blacks hc: considered the first American blockbuster

Muckraking

d: investigative journalists hc: investigated American life to find out what people are doing wrong (child labor, women's rights, government, and big businesses)

Professional class

d: when doctors, lawyers, teachers, social workers, and others all formed organizations that set standards for their profession and became active in political and social affairs

Socialists

d: someone who belives in socialism / 3rd paarty who had some sucess with Eugene Debs hc: became a political force in the US

Monopolies

d: a business completely controlling of one product or marketplace hc: they became very common during the Progressive Era

Theodore Roosevelt

d: became president in 1901 and he creates reforms

Sherman Antitrust Act

d: A law that is meant to break up companies that have too much power

"The Jungle"

d: A book that talks about the production of unsafe meat

Pure Food and Drug Act

d: a law that makes food and medicine safe for everyone hc: made medicine be better sealed

Hepburn Act

d: Used to control the cost of shipping goods on a railroad

Triangle Shirtwaist Company

d: A company in New York City that caught on fire hc: killed 145 women because the owners of the company were strict and the women got stuck inside and changed the US forever making new laws to make workplaces safer, minimum wage, and to ban child labor

Organized labor

d: unions that fought for better wages, better hours, and safer workplaces hc: were caused by workers who didnt like their working conditions

William H. Taft

d: ran against Roosevelt for president and was nominated by republicans

Woodrow Wilson

d: A democrat who was elected president in 1913 and he only won because Roosevelt and Taft were fighting so much that no one was voting for them

Populist Party

d: a third party that had formed years before the progressive era
hc: cared about 16th amendment

Women's suffrage

d: working towards the right for women voting hc: working towards reforms in the US

Birth control movement

d: when people wanted easy access to birth control so women could control their reproduction

Temperance movement

d: a movement to prohibit alcohol consumption hc: 18th amendment made this possible but was repealed by the 21st Amendment

Repealed

d: formally revoked or ended hc: the 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment

Militarism

d: competition to build up the military hc: many countries wanted a bigger army in case of invasion or to get more land

Alliances

d: agreements between many countries to support and defend each other hc: lots of countries in Europe became allies so when one country was attacked they had help from their allies

Imperialism

d: the intense competition for colonies hc: led to fears of large scale conflict among imperializing countries

Nationalism

d: the belief that loyalty to ones nation ands its economic and political goals comes before all else hc: cause of WWI

Triple alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (major central powers)

Triple entente

Great Britain, France, Russia (major allies)

Neutral

officially not aligned with either the Central Powers of the Allies

Lusitania

d: a large british ship hc: was shot down by a German submarine and ended up killing 128 Americans

Propaganda

d: ideas spread to help a cause, a leader, or a government that are usually false or exaggerated hc: was used to describe events that happened during WWI to make the other countries seem bad

Reporting

d: a written or spoken description of a situation or event hc: was used to describe WWI events in a straightforward way (not lying or exaggerating)

Advertising

d: calling attention to something, especially by paid announcements hc:

Margaret Sanger

d: Supported the birth control movement

Article 1

created the legislative branch of government and describes the roles of the House of Representatives and the Senate

Article 2

described the job of the executive branch which includes the president vice president and many other departments

Article 3

created the judicial branch, the supreme court, and authorizes congress - only deals with fedaral laws

Article 4

gives states the power to create and enforce their own laws / states have rights too even though the federal gov make the laws

Article 5

gives permission to amend the constitution