exam 1 practice

for the lungs to inflate, alveolar pressure must be ______ than atmospheric pressure

less

for air to flow out of the lungs, alveolar pressure must be ____ than atmospheric pressure

greater

what nerve are motor impulses sent through to the diaphragm

phrenic

oxygen travels from an area of ____ pressure to an area of low pressure

high

when the diaphragm contracts, it moves

down

when the diaphragm contracts, lung volume ____ and alveolar pressure _____

increases, decreases

what are the two primary muscles of inspiration

diaphragm and external intercostals

contracting which two muscles makes expiration an active rather than passive force

internal intercostals and abdominal

quiet breathing is __% exhalation

60

breathing for speech is __% exhalation

90

what muscle is primarily responsible for abduction of the vocal folds

posterior cricoarytenoid

what muscles adduct the vocal folds

lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid

the cricothyroid’s primarily function is

lengthening the vocal folds

primary function of the thyroarytenoid

shortening the vocal folds

the thyromuscularis does both

shorten and relaxes the vocal folds

which muscle fine tunes pitch by adjusting vocal fold tension

thyrovocalis

what is the outer layer of the cerebrum

cortex

the primary motor cortex is important for initiating

motor movements

the primary motor cortex contains what kind of motor neurons

upper motor neurons

what two areas are important for planning, initiating, and selecting the correct movement

premotor area and supplementary motor area

what cortical area receives sensory information from the body

primary sensory cortex

the basal ganglia is in what part of the brain

subcortex

the basal ganglia regulate aspects of motor control via the mechanism of

inhibition

what can be describes as a relay station

thalamus

what is the site of many reflexes involved in respiration, body temperature, swallowing, and digestion

brainstem

what specialized nerves come from the brainstem

cranial nerves

the cortex exerts ____ control of movement

contralateral

the cerebellum exerts _____ control of movement

ipsilateral

the somatic nervous system guides

voluntary movements

what nervous system regulates involuntary movements

autonomic

what nerves in the PNS allow you to feel pain and other sensations

afferent

what nerves in the PNS connect the CNS to muscles to trigger movements

efferent

what nerves in the PNS control involuntary function

autonomic

upper motor neurons originate from the

motor cortex

upper motor neurons initiate

voluntary movement

lower motor neurons originate from the

brainstem or spinal cord

lower motor neurons execute

voluntary movement

cranial nerves control what parts of the body

head and neck

what cranial nerve provides sensory information from the face and motor impulses to the muscles of chewing

trigeminal nerve

the facial nerve provides ____ information from the front of the tongue and motor impulses to the muscles of the ___

taste, face

the glossopharyngeal nerve provides ____ information from the back of the tongue, as well as other sensory information from ___, ____, and ____

tase, posterior tongue, tonsils, pharynx

what nerve sends motor impulses to the muscles involved in swallowing

glossopharyngeal

what are the three branches of the vagus nerve

pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal

what branch of the vagus nerve provides sensory information from the pharynx and motor impulses to the soft palate and pharynx

pharyngeal

what branch of the vagus nerve has two branches

intrinsic and extrinsic

the intrinsic branch provides sensory information from the

larynx

the extrinsic branch controls the ____ muscle and the ___ pharyngeal constrictor

cricothyroid, inferior

what side of the recurrent laryngeal branch is longer/travels further

left

the recurrent laryngeal branch provides sensory information ___ the vocal folds

below

the recurrent laryngeal branch provides motor control to all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the

cricothyroid muscle

which nerve provides motor control to all the muscles of the tongue

hypoglossal

the thyrovocalis innervates the

recurrent laryngeal nerve

the thyromuscularis innervates the

recurrent laryngeal nerve

the posterior cricoarytenoid is innervated by the

recurrent laryngeal nerve

the lateral cricoarytenoid is innervated by the

recurrent laryngeal nerve

the cricothyroid is innervated by the

superior laryngeal nerve - extrinsic branch

the interarytenoids is innervated by the

recurrent laryngeal nerve

sensory function of the pharyngeal nerve

carries information about mucous membranes and muscles of the pharynx to the brain

motor function of the pharyngeal nerve

muscles of the pharynx, lifts soft palate

sensory function of the intrinsic branch - superior laryngeal nerve

carries information about mucous membranes of the larynx from the vocal folds to the base of the tongue

motor function of the extrinsic branch - superior laryngeal nerve

controls the cricothyroid muscle (pitch) and inferior pharyngeal constrictor (swallowing)

sensory function of the recurrent laryngeal branch

carries information about the mucous membranes of the upper trachea, right below the vocal folds

motor function of the recurrent laryngeal branch

innervates all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid

motor function of the hypoglossal nerve

controls the muscles of the tongue

motor function of the glossopharyngeal nerve

control muscles in swallowing

sensory function of the glossopharyngeal nerve

information about taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, sensation from posterior tongue, tonsils, and pharynx

motor function of the facial nerve

controls muscle of the face - facial expressions, labial seal, sucking

sensory function of the facial nerve

information about sensation from external ear and taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

three branches of trigeminal nerve

ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

sensory function of the ophthalmic branch - trigeminal nerve

sensations from upper third of face

sensory function of maxillary branch - trigeminal nerve

sensation from middle third of face

sensory function of the mandibular branch - trigeminal nerve

sensation from lower third of face

motor function of the mandibular branch - trigeminal nerve

controls muscles of chewing