Practice bio 1

What are the four main tenets of cell theory?

All living organisms are composed of cells, cells contain DNA, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells arise from previous cells.

What are the two types of cells identified in cell theory?

Eukaryotic cells contain a true nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic surface and a hydrophobic interior.

What is the primary function of the cytosol?

The cytosol allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell.

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce?

Eukaryotic cells reproduce through mitosis.

What are histones and their role in DNA structure?

Histones are proteins around which linear DNA is wound to form chromosomes.

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria produce ATP and control apoptosis.

What enzymes do lysosomes contain and what is their function?

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down various substrates.

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes for protein translation, while smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus modifies materials received from the ER and sends them to specific cellular locations.

What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

The cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

What are microtubules and their primary function?

Microtubules are hollow polymers of tubulin that provide a pathway for intracellular transport.

What role does cytokinesis play in cell division?

Cytokinesis is the division of material between daughter cells.

What is the structure and function of centrioles?

Centrioles are found in the centrosome, organized in triplets, and help organize microtubules during mitosis.

What are intermediate filaments and their role in a cell?

Intermediate filaments are diverse filamentous proteins that maintain overall integrity and rigidity of the cytoskeleton.

What are the four types of tissue in the human body?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

How are epithelial tissues classified based on cell layers?

Epithelial tissues can be classified as simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), or pseudostratified (appears to have multiple layers).

What characterizes connective tissues?

Connective tissues support the body and provide a framework for epithelial cells.

What defines prokaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells are simple organisms without membrane-bound organelles and have a single circular DNA molecule.

What distinguishes Archaea from bacteria?

Archaea can utilize alternative energy sources and possess RNA polymerase similar to eukaryotes, while bacteria may be pathogenic or symbiotic.

What are the shapes that classify bacteria?

Bacteria are classified as cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilli (spiral-shaped).

What is the difference between obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes?

Obligate aerobes require oxygen for metabolism, while facultative anaerobes can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.