chapter 3 (level 3)

3.1.L3.1: (SAQ Prompt - Part A) Explain ONE economic cause for the rise of tobacco cultivation in the 17th-century Chesapeake region.

John Rolfe perfected tobacco curing, creating immense European consumer demand that gave Virginia a lucrative cash crop to export for profit.

3.1.L3.2: (SAQ Prompt - Part B) Explain ONE social effect of tobacco cultivation on the Chesapeake labor system before 1700.

Tobacco required intense labor, leading planters to adopt the headright system to import thousands of European indentured servants, creating a large unfree labor class.

3.1.L3.3: (SAQ Prompt - Part C) Explain ONE political outcome of religious tension between Catholics and Protestants in 17th-century Maryland.

To protect the Catholic minority from the growing Protestant majority, Lord Baltimore supported the Act of Toleration of 1649, granting religious freedom to all Christians.

3.2.L3.1: (SAQ Prompt - Part A) Explain ONE way the West Indian sugar economy influenced the legal system of the southern mainland colonies.

The Barbados Slave Code of 1661 stripped enslaved Africans of legal rights, serving as the legal model adopted by Carolina and other mainland colonies to regulate chattel slavery.

3.2.L3.2: (SAQ Prompt - Part B) Explain ONE way the Carolina economy was connected to the Caribbean plantation system.

Carolina was settled by sugar planters from Barbados who used the colony to grow food and export timber and supplies back to the West Indies sugar islands.

3.2.L3.3: (SAQ Prompt - Part C) Explain ONE strategic reason why the British crown backed the establishment of Georgia in 1733.

Georgia was created as a buffer colony to protect the lucrative Carolina plantations from invasions by Spanish Florida and French Louisiana.

3.3.L3.1: (SAQ Prompt - Part A) Explain ONE key theological belief of John Calvin that influenced New England Puritans.

Calvin taught predestination, the belief that God had already determined at creation who was saved (the elect) and who was damned, driving Puritans to seek signs of salvation.

3.3.L3.2: (SAQ Prompt - Part B) Explain ONE difference between Plymouth Colony (Pilgrims) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (Puritans).

Plymouth was founded by Separatists who completely broke from the Church of England, whereas Massachusetts Bay was founded by non-separatist Puritans who sought to reform the church from within.

3.3.L3.3: (SAQ Prompt - Part C) Explain ONE outcome of the Great English Migration of the 1630s on New England’s development.

The influx of 20,000 Puritans rapidly built Massachusetts Bay into a prosperous, populous colony centered around congregational churches and town-based governance.

3.4.L3.1: (SAQ Prompt - Part A) Explain ONE political principle established by the Mayflower Compact in 1620.

It established the principle of self-governance based on majority rule, where settlers agreed to submit to civil laws created by their own elected leaders.

3.4.L3.2: (SAQ Prompt - Part B) Explain ONE challenge faced by the Plymouth settlers during their first year in New England.

The settlers suffered through a harsh New England winter where over half the population died of malnutrition, exposure, and scurvy.

3.4.L3.3: (SAQ Prompt - Part C) Explain ONE reason why Plymouth Colony was eventually absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Plymouth remained small in population and economy, lacking a major cash crop or deepwater port, leading to its absorption by its larger neighbor in 1691.

3.5.L3.1: (SAQ Prompt - Part A) Explain ONE way John Winthrop's vision of a "City upon a Hill" shaped society in Massachusetts Bay.

It created a tightly disciplined, religious community where civic laws enforced Puritan morality to set a holy example for the rest of the world.

3.5.L3.2: (SAQ Prompt - Part B) Explain ONE limitation on political democracy within the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Voting rights and office-holding were restricted to adult male "freemen" who were full members of the official Puritan church, excluding women and non-Puritans.

3.5.L3.3: (SAQ Prompt - Part C) Explain ONE social factor that promoted town stability in early Puritan New England.

Settlers migrated as whole nuclear families rather than single male laborers, creating balanced gender ratios and strong church-centered communities.

3.6.L3.1: (SAQ Prompt - Part A) Explain ONE argument used by Roger Williams that led to his banishment from Massachusetts Bay.

Williams argued for complete separation of church and state and condemned the confiscation of Native American lands without fair purchase.

3.6.L3.2: (SAQ Prompt - Part B) Explain ONE heresy that Anne Hutchinson was accused of preaching during her trial in 1638.

She was accused of antinomianism, asserting that the truly saved were not bound by human or divine law and that God spoke directly to individuals.

3.6.L3.3: (SAQ Prompt - Part C) Explain ONE way Rhode Island's political or social structure differed from Massachusetts Bay.

Rhode Island established complete freedom of religion for all faiths, abolished religious qualifications for voting, and maintained separation of church and state.

3.7.L3.1: (SAQ Prompt - Part A) Explain ONE historical significance of Connecticut's Fundamental Orders of 1639.

It was the first written democratic constitution in America, establishing a government controlled by citizens without requiring religious qualifications.

3.7.L3.2: (SAQ Prompt - Part B) Explain ONE reason why Rev. Thomas Hooker led his congregation out of Massachusetts to found Hartford.

Hooker sought fertile farmland along the Connecticut River and desired a more inclusive political system than Massachusetts Bay's strict church-run government.

3.7.L3.3: (SAQ Prompt - Part C) Explain ONE way New Hampshire became a separate colony from Massachusetts in 1679.

Massachusetts absorbed New Hampshire settlements under a loose interpretation of its charter, but the British king revoked the claim and established New Hampshire as a royal colony.

3.8.L3.1: (SAQ Prompt - Part A) Explain ONE cause of the Pequot War in 1637.

Rapid Puritan expansion into the Connecticut River valley caused intense competition over land and fur trade, triggering armed clashes between settlers and the Pequot tribe.

3.8.L3.2: (SAQ Prompt - Part B) Explain ONE major tactic used by English colonists during the Mystic River massacre in 1637.

English troops and Native allies surrounded the fortified Pequot village, set fire to its wooden wigwams, and shot fleeing men, women, and children.

3.8.L3.3: (SAQ Prompt - Part C) Explain ONE long-term outcome of King Philip's War (1675–1676) on Native Americans in southern New England.

The war destroyed Native resistance in southern New England, leaving surviving populations broken, drastically reduced, and forced onto isolated lands or into servitude.

3.9.L3.1: (SAQ Prompt - Part A) Explain ONE reason why the New England Confederation was formed in 1643.

It was formed as a defensive alliance among four New England colonies to pool military strength against Native tribes, the Dutch, and the French during the English Civil War.

3.9.L3.2: (SAQ Prompt - Part B) Explain ONE economic policy enforced by Sir Edmund Andros under the Dominion of New England.

Andros strictly enforced the Navigation Laws, suppressing smuggling and forcing colonial merchants to trade exclusively with England.

3.9.L3.3: (SAQ Prompt - Part C) Explain ONE political effect of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 on the American colonies.

It triggered the collapse of the Dominion of New England, leading colonists to overthrow Sir Edmund Andros and restore their elected colonial assemblies.

3.10.L3.1: (SAQ Prompt - Part A) Explain ONE core religious practice or belief of the Quakers that alienated them from English authorities.

Quakers refused to pay taxes to the Church of England, rejected social titles and hat-honors, refused to take legal oaths, and practiced pacifism against military service.

3.10.L3.2: (SAQ Prompt - Part B) Explain ONE unique policy implemented by William Penn in the governance of Pennsylvania.

Penn established peaceful, fair purchasing of land from Native Americans, prohibited state religious coercion, and provided a broad democratic assembly.

3.10.L3.3: (SAQ Prompt - Part C) Explain ONE factor that made the Middle Colonies distinct from both the New England and Southern colonies.

The Middle Colonies featured high ethnic and religious diversity, intermediate landholdings, and a mixed economy based on grain exports and merchant trade.