APUSH Periods 1 and 2 - Windle - IDs

Maize cultivation

With the use of irrigation systems to grow this plant, this crop was able to establish permanent settlements rather than go out hunting and gathering. As this spread north into the Americas this crop supported economic development, the settlement of people, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.

Three Sisters crops

Corn, beans, and squash; were great high-calorie food sources for people in the Eastern Woodland tribes that enabled them to permanently settle rather than hunt and gather (Maize served a similar purpose). They found a symbiotic relationship would be formed if these three crops grew in the same spot.

Cahokia

A very technologically advanced city that existed near modern-day St. Louis at around circa 1100 AD after the decline of Poverty Point, a significant trading hub. The inhabitants were "mound-builders" (Adena-Hopewell) and this city was said to be the largest settled community for hundreds of years.

Animism

The idea that it's not humans that have souls but other forms of nature have souls and spirits Spiritual religious practices of the Native Americans, religion was an essential aspect of daily life, the blending of the natural world and supernatural ideas, emphasis on nature

Iroquois Confederacy /Great League of Peace

Intertribal unity between five Iroquois tribes: Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga. Each year a council meeting is held with representatives from each tribe to discuss how to deal with outsiders among other topics. This heavily influenced the U.S. Constitution.

Hohokam

Community that existed hundreds of years before the Europeans (modern-day Arizona), culture was based on Central American ideals, advancements and ideals were spread up to Arizona, archaeologists found out that this community had early iterations of basketball courts that represented recreation

Chaco Canyon

A major city in what is now modern-day New Mexico that held the building Pueblo Bonito. These communities were built out of adobe and into the sides of cliffs, they also had basement "kivas" for religious ceremonies

Hunter-gatherer economy

An economy where people follow their food source. Some examples of this at play are the Bering Strait land bridge migration and the tribes in the Midwest.

Poverty Point

A commercial trading hub right on the Mississippi River with tons of goods coming from the commercial hub

Adena-Hopewell

Located in the Ohio River Valley, the inhabitants were mound builders, there were burial sites where communal people would be buried, and they were technologically advanced.

Eastern Woodlands Indians

Where: Lived in modern-day Eastern United States (Mississippi River → Atlantic Ocean)Temperate climate
Resources: Three sisters crops (corn, beans, squash), waterways (streams and rivers), forests for wood and food; quartz, copper, and obsidian for trade
Culture: Solar observations and matrilineal (Emphasis on women's ancestry and power) societies
Housing: Permanent housing in villages (Longhouses)
Tribes: Lenape, Wampanoag, Iroquois, Shawnee, Powhatan, and Cherokee (Algonquian)

Great Plains Indians

Where: Midwestern US (Mississippi River → Rocky Mountains), dry climate
Resources: Big game (The bison specifically was a spiritual animal, no part of the bison was wasted)
Culture: Mobile hunter-gatherers, they were nomadic people that followed their food source *There were no horses until the Spanish introduced them in the 17th century*
Housing: Lived in teepees that can be easily transported
Tribes: Blackfoot, Sioux, Pawnee, Crow, Cheyenne

Great Basin Indians

Where: Just to the west of the Rockies with a dry, warm climate
Resources: Scarce (Important: Piñon nuts and small game)
Culture: Mobile hunter-gatherers
Housing: Some lived in teepee-like structures, but some lived in semi-permanent housing
Tribes: Ute and Shoshone

Southwest Indians

Where: Southwest US (Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Northern Mexico) with a dry, arid, hot, rocky climate
Resources: Irrigation systems to farm crops
Culture: Permanent settlements
Housing: Cliff dwellings home to thousands of people, permanent towns with apartment-style architecture
Tribes: Anasazi, Pueblo, Apache, Navajo, and Hopi

California Indians

Where: Modern-day California, moderate climate
Resources: Acorns, seeds, nuts, small game
Culture: Mobile hunter-gatherers
Housing: Small villages
Tribe: Nez-Perce

Northwest Coast Indians

Where: Alaska panhandle all the way down the Pacific coast (up until Northern California), wet, moderate climate (lots of rainfall)
Resources: Salmon, lots of green forest, and lots of rivers
Culture: Salmon as a spiritual symbol, totem poles that tell a story or preserve family history, wood-carved canoes, and potlatches (Very early potluck, big feasts and communal gatherings)
Housing: Permanent housing, multi-family homes made of cedar trees
Tribes: Makah and Chinook

Similarities of indigenous civilizations

Spiritual practices
The notion of gift-giving
Understandings of property - Land was communally owned, land was shared instead of private property
Kinship networks - respect for ancestry
Little intertribal unity (Exception: Iroquois Confederacy/Great League of Peace)

Pueblos

This tribe lived on permanent settlements, some of which were on the sides of cliffs. Their architecture was mainly comprised of adobe and they depended on piñon nuts and small game among other food sources.

Advanced irrigation systems

Elaborate systems used to water plants. It allowed certain groups of people such as the Aztec and Incan empires as well as the Southwest Indians to permanently settle rather than hunt and gather.

Matrilineal Ancestry

Puts emphasis on women's ancestry, tracing heritages through moms, women had power and authority in this type of ancestry/society

"New World"

What is now modern-day North, Central, and South America. This was spurred by what is known as the three G's: Gold, God, and Glory. Countries like Spain, Portugal, France, Russia, England, and Dutch were focused on colonizing, converting, and getting rich, Spain did the best job at exploring the New World, conquering the Aztec, Inca, and Mayan empires and spreading northward into the modern-day United States.

Bering Strait migration

Historians believe at around circa 50,000-10,000 BC humans walked across the Bering Sea Land Bridge, likely to follow their food source (bison, wooly mammoths, etc.), these people were most likely hunter-gatherers, people followed food source to the Southwest. Different waves of nomadic peoples came into the Americas at different times and settled in other areas; this led to thousands of groups in North America, Central America, and South America.

Incan Empire

Advanced architecture, they grew their food in mountain valleys (terrace farming) and watered them with elaborate irrigation systems. They were the first civilization to cultivate potatoes. This civilization lived in modern-day Peru. Capital City: Cusco

Aztec Empire

Advanced medicine, constantly went to war and made sacrifices, civilizations that lived in modern-day Mexico. They had complex irrigation systems for farming Capital City: Tenochtitlán

Reasons/motives for European exploration

The three G's: Gold, God, and Glory; They wanted to spread religious faith (mainly Catholicism), they wanted to get rich, and they wanted more world power.

Effect of smallpox

Native American populations were decimated by this disease, which aided the conquest of some empires as well as the reason why enslaved Africans were used as a source of labor.

Subjugation

Forcibly controlling a group/race. Example: The Spaniards attempted to claim the land already occupied by the Aztec/Incan/Mayan empires.

Portuguese exploration

They mainly utilized maritime exploration using new sailing technologies, and establishing trading posts as they aimed to find a water route to India as land-based trade routes were controlled by the Muslims. This was spurred by access to gold, spices, and other commodities.

Maritime inventions

Things that helped aid in maritime trade such as sternpost rudders to improve navigation, caravels (ships made only for trade, they could go long distances), compass (direction), astrolabe, and the quadrant. They also updated maritime charts and astronomical tables as well, enabling them to sail with greater accuracy.

Spanish exploration

Explored the modern-day Caribbean as well as Florida, Central, and South America. This included the conquest of the Aztec, Inca, and Mayan empires.

Atlantic slave trade

Trading of slaves for goods/services. The use of slavery (slave labor) was prevalent throughout the Colombian exchange after the Native Americans kept dying from diseases like smallpox and the European empires needed another source of labor to replace the Native Americans.

Christopher Columbus

Was the person who discovered the "New World." He thought he found the West Indies so he called the people living there "Indians."

Encomienda system

A system made by the Spanish Crown that granted land and native people to serve as laborers and to whom they owed "protection" and instruction in the Christan faith

Plantation-based agriculture

Agricultural system based on a large estate. A lot of slave labor was working on plantations.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and the contractual exchange of profit for goods, labor, etc.

Caste system in Spanish Colonies

Super rigid social hierarchy based on race. Nobody can go up any tier, the social hierarchy is set for life.

Peninsulares

People who were born in Spain, they had the highest tier in the caste system

Criollos (Creoles)

A Spanish/Portuguese person born in America, they had the second highest tier in the caste system

Mestizos

People of mixed Native American and European descent, both of these classes were ranked low on the Caste system, below those of Creoles and Peninsulares but just above African-Americans and Native Americans. (3rd highest)

Mullatoes

People of mixed African and European descent, again both of these classes were ranked low on the Caste system, below those of Creoles and Peninsulares but just above African-Americans and Native Americans. (Also 3rd highest)

African Americans

Largest non-English group in the colonies, 2nd lowest tier in the caste system

Native Americans

A member of any of the indigenous peoples of the Americas; they were the lowest tier in the caste system

Columbian Exchange

The trade of slaves, crops, livestock, and disease from the Old World to the New World

Items from Old World to New World

Livestock, crops, spices, disease (not an item but was brought), altering millions of years of evolution

Items from New World to Old World

Crops like maize, the Three Sisters, tobacco, potatoes, peanuts, and cotton

Chattel Slavery

Transport of humans was considered this, effectively rendering them property. They can be bought and sold, had little rights (if any), and faced much worse conditions than indentured servitude

Slavery in perpetuity

The idea that slavery was passed down from generation to generation (If a woman is enslaved, their children are automatically enslaved making slavery inherited, it was rigid. Europeans wanted a self-sustaining source of labor. A lot of times white men would assault women in order to keep the self-sustaining workforce running indefinitely. This spurred the Mestizo/Mulatto class of the Caste System.)

French colonization

Fueled by a desire to find gold, France attempted to establish colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia as well as converting Native Americans

Northwest Passage

A sea route said to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans together. In theory, this would slash travel times from Europe to Asia through the Americas.

Samuel de Champlain

He founded the first French settlement in Quebec, sponsored by a French fur-trading company. He was the first among a few French explorers who explored the Americas through the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Rivers as well as the Gulf of Mexico to claim a large area of land around the Mississippi River for France, eventually, the land was called "New France."

French Huguenots

French protestants who came to the New World to escape religious prosecution in France (People who disliked Catholicism, aided in the Protestant Reformation)

Henry Hudson

An Englishman employed by the Dutch East India Company to attempt to find a Northwest Passage through the New York Harbor. He was unable to find a Northwest Passage but he did encounter fur-bearing animals as well as Natives willing to trade fur. The Hudson River is named after him.

New Netherlands/New Amsterdam

A trade-oriented, religion-tolerant settlement in modern-day New York. Slave treatment was different, they worked on small farms or household/craft labor, and some enjoyed "half-freedom" by paying an annual fee in exchange for land so that they could support their families.

Dutch relationship with Natives

Treated the Natives humanely compared to other European nations like Spain, they were more interested in trade for profit rather than settlement.

Religious toleration with Dutch

There was a lot of diversity in the New Netherlands, many languages were spoken and settlers complied with a wide variety of various religions. They were tolerant of different religions as compared to other European nations like Spain who worked to spread Catholicism to anywhere they settled or claimed by force. They did have an official religion (Dutch Reformed Church) but they committed to freedom of conscience.

Catholic missions

Settlements aimed at spreading the Catholic faith, sometimes with the use of force. An example of this is the Spanish empire attempting to spread Catholicism over the Native Americans.

Pueblo/Pope's Revolt

A Native American victory over the Europeans, the revolt spurred by European (Spanish) oppression that the Indians had suffered.

Bartolome de Las Casas

A person who spent time with the natives and thought that the Native Americans had been treated too harshly and aggressively and that they were worthy of defense

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

A person who thought that the Natives were less than human, that the Spanish had a perfect right to rule over them, also said that the Natives benefitted from the harsh treatment from the Spaniards

Reasons for British Colonies

They defeated the Spanish Armada, the population increased, the development of joint-stock companies, religious conflicts, weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions. There were three types of colonies: Royal, Proprietary, and Corporate/charter

Sir Walter Raleigh

Founded the Roanoke Colony, the first English attempt at establishing a permanent colony in the Americas

Lost Colony of Roanoke (1587)

Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh, the purpose was England's attempt to establish a permanent colony in the Americas ("New World"). Raleigh went to England to try to get more colonists, but when Raleigh went back to this colony, everyone was gone; the only thing left was the word "Croatoan," which is often called the "Lost Colony."

John Smith

Led the VA Company of London, leader of Jamestown. He helped make sure that the rich landowners also had to work ("No work, no eat" policy)

Joint-stock companies

Companies that allowed individual, lower merchant-class people to buy stock in larger companies and the large companies could issue charters, making it feasible for expensive trips to happen. This is advantageous because if a colony fails, the loss is split among all the shareholders rather than taking the entire loss by one person.

Jamestown (1607, Chesapeake/Southern)

Founded by the VA Company of London led by John Smith (mainly comprised of Anglican people). People came to Jamestown to make money, and rumors that there was gold in Jamestown (settlers came to try and mine for gold, but no gold was there). They were a charter colony, but then it became royal as the VA Company of London fell. This was the first permanent English settlement. The Native Americans were helpful to the new colonists at first but as the colonists continued to encroach on Native American lands, the relationship between the colonists and the Natives soured.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. (Made the colonists rich as tobacco seeds can be used as currency as the colonists ran out of silver)

Importance of Tobacco

An important cash crop in Virginia, the colony ran out of silver so they used tobacco seeds as currency because it had lots of value.

Anglican Church

Church started by Henry VIII separating from the Catholic Church, this is the official religion of England

House of Burgesses

Legislature comprised of an elected assembly. Formed in 1619, comprised of elected representatives; they were the first colony to employ self-rule. It's now called the Virginia General Assembly.

Pilgrims

Puritan Separatists aided by William Bradford who helped found Plymouth, they were more radical and wanted to settle to practice their own religion freely

Mayflower Compact

A document established that the government is based on majority rule. It is an example of self-rule, which led to direct democracy.

Puritans

More moderate, aimed to "purify" the Anglican Church of all its "corruptions," thought that the Church of England had too many Catholic elements

John Winthrop

Helped the Puritans found the Massachusetts Bay Colony and spoke about the "City Upon a Hill"

"City Upon a Hill"

A sermon in which Winthrop talked about this city as a symbol; a beacon of Christianity, talked about this city as a utopia, as a role model for the Christian World.

Praying towns

Created by the Puritans, little towns that brought in natives and tried to convert them to Christianity

William Bradford

Person responsible for founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Great Migration

A massive number of Puritans immigrated to New England, specifically the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Harvard University

Founded by Massachusetts Bay Colony thanks to the colony's emphasis on education and the use of schools to teach ministers

Covenant Chain

A series of treaties signed between the Iroquois Confederacy and the Colony of New York (i.e.: address trade, settlement, resolving violence)

James Oglethorpe

Founded Georgia; he was a philanthropist, thought the cities and prisons were overpopulated, and proposed the idea that a lot of prisoners should be sent to Georgia to serve their sentences.

Roger Williams

Founded the (Originally Rogue's Island) Rhode Island Colony as a result of being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, originally a Puritan minister, advocated for the separation of Church and state. He was a religiously tolerant person.

Anne Hutchinson

Spoke out against the Puritan Church, held church meetings, gave sermons, and preached that you can find salvation by looking inside yourself. The Church didn't like this idea (and didn't like her). Her followers were antinomians, people who were opposed to the rule of law, people who challenged the status quo and resisted the old traditional ways in the strong, strict, Puritan colonies. She also gets banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. After Anne's banishment, additional restrictions and tighter controls were placed on women in Massachusetts Bay.

Town meeting

a town-wide meeting to decide on issues facing the village and choose a group of people to govern the town for the coming year, restricted to adult male residents (that went to Church)

Pequot War (1636-38)

This war broke out as a result of more people coming to Massachusetts Bay for religious reasons, but some came for economic reasons and started spreading out into Connecticut in an effort to make money. While they were doing that they were encroaching on the land of the Pequot Tribe. The Pequot people killed some British settlers who tried to settle on their land. The resulting retaliation was larger than the initial violence and led to the British claiming victory. The war resulted in the total destruction of the Pequot Tribe. The British surrounded the tribe, killed lots of Native Americans, and their village was burned.

Metacom's War/King Phillip's War (1675-76)

British settlers encroach on Wampanoag land, they start fighting. The Wampanoags teamed up with the Algonquin, and the English settlers (New England Confederation - loose alliance between the Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, and Connecticut colonies) teamed up with the Mohawk Tribe in the war. Thousands of people were involved; the British with the help of the Mohawk Tribe claimed victory, captured and killed Metacom, and put his head on a spike leading to the Plymouth Colony.

Metacom

King of the Wampanoag Tribe, was later killed during the King Phillip's War/Metacom's War

Salem witch trials

A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. The trials resulted in the executions of 20 people, most of them women. 12 other women had previously been executed in Massachusetts and Connecticut during the 17th century. Despite being generally known as the Salem witch trials, the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in several towns in the Province of Massachusetts Bay: Salem Village (now Danvers), Salem Town, Ipswich, and Andover. The most infamous trials were conducted by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town.

Headright System

The idea that if a rich person pays for the voyage when they arrive in Virginia they get 50 acres of land. As money is made, the rich person now has enough money to pay for other peoples' voyages, and the rich person gets another 50 acres of land for each person the rich person can pay. The people who got paid for the voyages didn't get any land, they were highly likely to be indentured servants (a contract where the person worked for a landowner, the contract usually lasted for 7 years in exchange for food, shelter, etc. until the indentured servants have enough money to pay for their own land).

Indentured Servants

People who [by contract] do labor to pay off their "debt," usually for 7 years, and then they get set free

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

(Western Virginia farmers vs. Natives and Eastern elites) Caused by Nathaniel Bacon, led other farmers/indentured servants in an attack on the Indians as they encroached on their lands, then later attacked/burned the plantations owned by [Sir William] Berkeley (Governor, ignorant of the ongoing conflict). This instilled fear in the landowners as they didn't want their laborers to rebel; this led them to switch to forced labor by means of slavery as class tensions continued and intensified [between Eastern elites and Western farmers]. (Increased enslaved Africans were brought to the colonies as a result)

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. (Series of resurgence of religious ideas)

Navigation Acts

A series of laws required merchants to engage in trade with English colonies exclusively in English ships, and that valuable items were required to pass exclusively through British ports, where they would be taxed

Important Navigation Act 1

Trade to and from Britain and the colonies can only happen on British ships and with British crews

Important Navigation Act 2

Everything that comes into the British colonies must come through British ports (Britain)

Important Navigation Act 3

List of enumerated goods that can only be sold to England; None of these acts are enforced; colonists refused to follow these laws, also called salutary neglect

Mercantilism

the dominant economic system in Europe, the goal was to maintain a favorable balance (of) or self-sufficient trade. Embodies the idea that money is power, that you should sell more than what you have to buy, and that colonies exist to make money for their parents. (For example: Colonies can provide raw materials to their parent country, or they are a built-in market and consume things from the parent country)

Salutary Neglect

Idea that British laws weren't enforced, allowing colonies to do whatever they wanted

Lord Baltimore

Founded Maryland; he asked the king to make a colony in the New World

Quakers

A radical Protestant group, wanted to seek refuge so that they could practice their religion which would "restore the simplicity and spirituality of early Christianity." They founded Pennsylvania as a result.

Dominion of New England (1686-89)

A combination of colonies that the King puts together (mostly New England colonies) as a punishment for not following the laws set forth. The colonists were angered as a result.