DCUSH Review

Emancipation Proclamation

1863 political stunt. Freed slaves in rebellious states but not the Union… Squarely put the end of slavery now as an objective of the Civil War.

13th Amendment

End of slavery.

14th Amendment

Former slaves are citizens (and all Black Americas too).

15th Amendment

Black male vote.

1871/1875 Civil Rights Act

Protect Black Americans from discrimination by fine and jail time. Overturned in a series of court cases that went to the Supreme Court.

United States v. Cruikshank

(1876.) This case overturned convictions of white men who attacked Black citizens in Colfax, Louisiana. The Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment only applies to actions taken by the state, not by individuals, effectively limiting federal power to address private acts of discrimination. Could go after people individually and nothing was going to happen! Empowered groups like the KKK.

Civil Rights Cases

(1883.) The Court declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional, which had aimed to guarantee equal treatment in public accommodations and transportation. The ruling reinforced the idea that the Fourteenth Amendment did not prohibit private discrimination, further weakening Reconstruction efforts. Combined five different cases that revolved around the 1875 Civil Rights Act, which guaranteed all persons the enjoyment of transportation facilities, in hotels and inns and in theaters and places of public amusement regardless of race, color or previous condition of servitude. Differentiating between state and private action, the majority ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not permit the federal government to prohibit discriminatory behavior by private parties.

Plessy v. Ferguson

(1896.) This case established the "separate but equal" doctrine, allowing segregation in public facilities as long as they were supposedly equal in quality. This ruling legitimized Jim Crow laws and significantly impacted the lives of African Americans. 1896 Supreme Court case that made segregation legal by states: separate but equal doctrine (Plessy rode illegally in a white train car in Louisiana to challenge the discriminatory state law).

17th Amendment

Vote for state senators now.

18th Amendment

Prohibition.

19th Amendment

Women's vote.

21st Amendment

Repeal prohibition. FDR (1933).

24th Amendment

No poll tax (1964).

Abraham Lincoln vs Andrew Johnson

Republican President 1860. Ran with Andrew Johnson of TN (former slave owner) to show to the country that reconciliation was possible. Unfortunately, Lincoln was assassinated, and now a southerner was in charge of Reconstruction. Congress has major problems with Johnson's vision of Reconstruction.

Reconstruction

Period after Civil War where the country is attempted to be reunified. Congress passed many reforms to punish the South and change their culture, freeing slaves and giving them rights. 5 military districts.

Freedmen's Bureau

U.S. government agency of early post American Civil War Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South (former slaves). Lincoln began and envisioned this as the solution to help move beyond slavery to freedom for former slaves.

KKK

White hate group that terrorized/killed blacks and Republicans, especially in the South. Initially targeting voting abilities.

Force Act

Related to KKK. As Black men became targets of violence to intimidate them not to vote, US President Grant decided to use the force act to use military force to try and stop the violence and protect the rights of Black Americans who would vote for Republicans like himself. Groups disbanded and tried to ride under the radar by saying they were book groups or dance groups. Feds didn't have enough local knowledge to understand the difference.

Colfax Massacre

April 13, 1873, in Colfax, Louisiana, the parish seat of Grant Parish. An estimated 62-153 Black men were murdered while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the Ku Klux Klan.

Cruikshank Case

The federal prosecutor indicted William Cruikshank and his co-conspirators on more than a dozen charges of violating the rights of those Black Americans killed at Colfax. The defendants appealed on the grounds that the federal prosecutor had no jurisdiction over this case since, according to the Slaughterhouse Cases, prosecuting such crimes was a state matter. The circuit court agreed with the defendants, but the federal prosecutor appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court. A 5-4 majority of the Supreme Court agreed that the 14th Amendment had not vested Congress with sufficient powers to conduct such prosecutions. This allowed for groups like the KKK to proliferate and get away with racialized violence as it was never going to be prosecuted by the local government.

1873 Recession

The financial panic of 1873 and the subsequent economic depression helped bring Reconstruction to a formal end. Across the country, but especially in the South business failures, unemployment, and tightening credit heightened class and racial tensions and generated demands for government retrenchment. It lasted until the end of the decade and hit particularly hard the railroad industry.

Great Railroad Strike 1877

In 1877, northern railroads, still suffering from the Financial Panic of 1873, began cutting salaries and wages. The cutbacks prompted strikes and violence with lasting consequences. In May the Pennsylvania Railroad, the nation's largest railroad company, cut wages by 10 percent and then, in June, by another 10 percent. Other railroads followed suit. On July 13, the Baltimore & Ohio line cut the wages of all employees making more than a dollar a day by 10 percent. It also slashed the workweek to just two or three days. Forty disgruntled locomotive firemen walked off the job. By the end of the day, workers blockaded freight trains near Baltimore and in West Virginia, allowing only passenger traffic to get through. It was the country's first major rail strike and witnessed the first general strike in the nation's history. The strikes and the violence it spawned briefly paralyzed the country's commerce and led governors in ten states to mobilize 60,000 militia members to reopen rail traffic. The strike would be broken within a few weeks, but it helped set the stage for later violence in the 1880s and 1890s, including the Haymarket Square bombing in Chicago in 1886, the Homestead Steel Strike near Pittsburgh in 1892, and the Pullman Strike in 1894.

Corrupt Bargain

Republican Rutherford B Hayes made a deal to get electoral votes from southern states (where ties were). Got the votes for ending Reconstruction. Pulled back the troops from the South.

Literacy Test and Poll Taxes

As Reconstruction fell apart, Southern White Redeemer governments came back into power and looked for ways to disenfranchise Black men from voting. Literacy tests had to prove you could read (way harder than that), and poll taxes (had to pay money to vote), where 3 measures were written into state constitutions in the South, help create this voting barrier.

Garfield

Assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau, whose motive was revenge against him for an imagined political debt when he wouldn't give him a job under the spoils system. He was shot twice in the train station and then lived for months! Died Sept 19th.

Carnegie

Industrial tycoon who became richest man alive at one point off his steel company. Sold to JP Morgan.

Rockefeller

Industrial tycoon who became rich off of his oil empire.

Vanderbilt

Tycoon of transportation-RR.

Robber Barons

It is a term used frequently in the 19th century during America's Gilded Age to describe successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. A belief held by many that stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to natural selection in society. Justified wealth gap. 1 in 5 kids have to work during this period. Child labor.

Settlement House Like Hull House in Chicago

The main purpose was to help the poor by elevating their thoughts, actions, and knowledge. Student workers and other community members resided alongside the working class and tried to benefit the poor by associating with them, educating them, and discussing social issues with them.

Gilded Age

Post Civil War. Economic opportunities produced great wealth and extreme inequality and poverty. Name coined by Mark Twain to describe how beautiful America looked versus the reality of poverty for most people.

Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed

William Magear "Boss" Tweed (April 3, 1823-April 12, 1878) was an American politician most notable for being the political boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party's political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th-century New York City and State. It was very corrupt and he got lots of money from the system.

Jacob Riis Work

Danish-American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist, and social documentary photographer. Showed American poverty in his photos and How the Other Half Lives.

Labor Movement

They were fighting for safer condition, better pay, more time off, better housing, 40 hour work week, ending child labor etc.

Knights of Labor

Labor union founded in 1869 that included skilled and unskilled workers irrespective of race or gender.

Haymarket Square Riot

On May 4, 1886, a protest against police violence at Chicago's Haymarket Square where someone threw a bomb killing one policeman, and 7 others were fatally wounded. Policemen then fired into the crowd and killed an equal number of people.

American Federation of Labor

Union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines and emphasized a few workplace issues rather than a broad social program.

Vertical Integration

The consolidation of numerous production functions, from the extraction of the raw materials to the distribution and marketing of the finished products, under the direction of one firm.

Homestead Strike

Carnegie Steel Mill. 1892 contract renewal, and Carnegie and Frick want to break the union (only skilled workers). Shut down the mill and militarize it with fence and gun holes. Then, say if they don't take the pay cut they will fire. Resulted in a strike. Pinkerton pulled in and then the state militia. The government sided with business against the people, and many died. Tarnished Carnegie's rep.

Henry Frick

Manager of Carnegie. Homestead Strike happened under his watch. Tried to kill later but survived the attempt (shot in the neck).

Alexander Graham Bell

Patented the telephone in the same year of the Centennial Exposition of 1876; the telephone signaled the rise of the US to world leadership in industrial technology.

Thomas Edison

In 1876, opened a laboratory devoted to industrial research; invented an incandescent lamp that burned for more than 13 hours. By 1882, his Electric Light Company launched in NYC'S financial district and replaced steam as the major source of power.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

Antitrust law which prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce. It authorized the federal government to institute proceedings against trusts in order to dissolve them.

Populist Movement

Populism is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite". Began as a local farmers collective (farmer's alliance), but gained national attention as the Democrats nominated a Populist for the Presidency in the 1896 election (William Jennings Byrant).

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

New York City, on Saturday, March 25, 1911, was one of the deadliest industrial disasters in America. A fire started in the factory on the upper floors of the building and the women were locked inside. With nowhere to go as the flames spread many leaped out the widows to their deaths. Led to major safety reforms. in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, a borough of New York City, on Saturday, March 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in U.S. history. The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers—123 women and girls and 23 men-who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, falling, or jumping to their deaths. Women were on strike earlier, but no one listened.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

(LDS.) Religious movement that came out of the Second Great Awakening. Started by Joseph Smith (NY). The groups later moved to Utah under Brigham Young after extensive religious persecution in the Eastern and Midwestern United States, especially the murder of their church leaders in Carthage, ILL outside Nauvoo community. These Pioneers made their way across the plains and mountains to the west to a spot where Brigham Young said God had designated they should stop and settle. They went to Utah which was then part of Mexico in 1847. The Mexican-American war finished in 1848. They could have a religious utopia outside of the persecution of others. The US government worried they would try and become independent from America and tended to watch the community.

Fort Laramie Treaty

In 1851, this treaty created a short period of peace which allowed more settlers to enter or travel legally through tribal lands. It was supposed to be the treaty to end all treaties yet it was quickly violated and another treaty followed up by 1868 (not as many tribes agree to the second one). As more non-Indians traveled through Sioux treaty lands, there were more opportunities for conflict and misunderstanding resulting in the discovery of gold in the Black Hills.

Black Hills

The Black Hills gold rush took place in Dakota Territory in the United States. It began in 1874 following the Custer Expedition and reached its peak in 1876-77. It led to the Battle of Little Bighorn (Natives won) and later, a war against the Great Sioux War of 1876. Led to many being moved into smaller parcels of land-reservations.

Sand Creek Massacre

In 1864, the U.S. Army carried out a surprise attack on a non-combatant encampment (a peace camp under the protection of the US government) of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians along the Big Sandy Creek in southeastern Colorado, killing about 200+ men, women, and children, including elderly or infirm. Colorado had made it legal to kill any Native as the war between the territory and their native population broke out. This was due to the fact that the native population couldn't support their people because the land they were given was so poor-a sand pit.

Bear Creek Massacre

On the morning of January 29, 1863, near what is now Preston, Idaho, U.S. soldiers mounted an attack on members of the Northwestern Band of Shoshone who were camped along the Bear River. They were attacked because they had a group of men that the government wanted to arrest in connection with a robbery. Caught by surprise and largely defenseless, 350 people were killed by the army in the attack. This army group wanted to see action and were from California and were displeased by being sent here.

Battle of Little Bighorn

June 25, 1876 Plains Indians and U.S. forces over control of Western territory (Black Hills), collectively known as the Sioux Wars. In less than an hour, the Sioux and Cheyenne had won the Battle of the Little Bighorn, killing Custer and every one of his men.

Custer's Last Stand

Here in the valley of the Little Bighorn River on two hot June days in 1876, more than 260 soldiers and attached personnel of the U.S. Army met defeat and death at the hands of several thousand Lakota and Cheyenne warriors. Among the dead were Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer and every member of his immediate command.

Ghost Dance and Lakota People

Dance performed to restore natives as the people who owned the land for morale. If performed, all the whites would die. The US government worried-thought this would lead to unity between tribes and warfare against the US, so we banned it. Led to conflict and massacre of Wounded Knee 1890.

Homestead Act

To help develop the American West and spur economic growth, Congress passed this of 1862, which provided 160 acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm the land. The act distributed millions of acres of western land to individual settlers which used to by Native lands.

Reservation System

Allowed indigenous people to govern themselves and to maintain some of their cultural and social traditions. The Dawes Act of 1887 destroyed it by subdividing tribal lands into individual plots.

Indian Boarding Schools

These were established in the United States from the mid-17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into Anglo-American culture. In the process, these schools denigrated Native American culture and made children give up their languages and religion. Usually imitated military life. Children were forced to cut their hair, wear uniforms, and march in formations. Rules were very strict and discipline was often harsh when rules were broken. The students learned math, science, and other academic subjects and skills thought to be good for natives to learn: service industry, etc. These boarding schools were first established by Christian missionaries of various denominations and unfortunately were rip with neglect and child abuse. Since they were away from the families, there was little they could do to stop it.

Temperance Movement or Prohibition

A Social Movement with Church leaders, many female activists, and even hate groups. Rooted in America's Protestant churches, first urged moderation, then encouraged drinkers to help each other to resist temptation, and ultimately demanded that local, state, and national governments prohibit alcohol outright.

Socialist

American socialists carried on the Populists' radical tradition by uniting farmers and workers in a sustained, decades-long political struggle to reorder American economic life. Argued that wealth and power were consolidated in the hands of too few individuals, that monopolies and trusts controlled too much of the economy, and that owners and investors grew rich while the workers who produced their wealth, despite massive productivity gains and rising national wealth, still suffered from low pay, long hours, and unsafe working conditions… Party membership was open to all regardless of race, gender, class, ethnicity, or religion.

Eugene V Debs

Socialist. Ran for president many times. Jailed WWI. Ran for president from prison. Indiana state representative (Democrat then) and leader of the American RR Union. Helped in Pullman Car Strike.

Industrial Workers of the World

(IWW.) The "Wobblies," a radical and confrontational union that welcomed all workers, regardless of race or gender.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization in the United States formed in 1909 to advance justice for African Americans. Mostly court cases.

Booker T Washington V W.E.B. Du Bois

Booker T. Washington believed that Black people should keep to their community and focus on improving themselves through technical education. Du Bois felt that Black people must demand equality and integration.

1915 Grandfather Clause

Struck down by the Supreme Court. Had to have a grandfather who voted to vote.

McKinley Assassination

1901. Killed in public when anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot him twice in the abdomen (9-6). McKinley died on September 14 of gangrene caused by the wounds. This left Theodore Roosevelt to take charge of the country.

Progressive Era

To change problems with America. Protect consumers and limit powers of companies.

Spanish American War

Of 1898, ended Spain's colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and secured the position of the United States as a Pacific power. It began after an internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. Teddy Roosevelt led troops, Rough Riders, and got his image to be more mainly to help him run for office later. U.S. victory in the war produced a peace treaty that compelled the Spanish to relinquish claims on Cuba, and to cede sovereignty over Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States. The United States also annexed the independent state of Hawaii during the conflict. Thus, the war enabled the United States to establish its predominance in the Caribbean region and to pursue its strategic and economic interests in Asia. (American Imperialism.)

William McKinley

Won a dirty election against William Jennings Bryant (Democrat) and backed by robber barons or big business. Was an American politician who served as the 25th president of the United States from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. He was assassinated shortly into his second term of office. (Mexican-American War and Hawaii under his term, protective tariffs, and keep us on Gold Standard.)

Theodore Roosevelt and his Square Deal

Roosevelt came to power after the assassination of McKinley (Sept. 1901). He was put in as the VP by the robber barons to purposely make him less able to achieve change. A Republican that wanted to limit the powers of companies. With him becoming the president, he started the Progressive Era. The Square Deal was Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, corporate law, and consumer protection. These three demands are often referred to as the "three C's" of Roosevelt's Square Deal.

Theodore Roosevelt and National Parks

After becoming president in 1901, Roosevelt used his authority to protect wildlife and public lands by creating the United States Forest Service (USFS) and establishing 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reserves, 4 national game preserves, 5 national parks, and 18 national monuments by enabling the 1906 American Antiquities Act. During his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt protected approximately 230 million acres of public land. Much of that land-150 millions acres-was set aside as national forests.

John Muir

Also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks", was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States who famous took Teddy Roosevelt on a camping trip at Yosemite.

National American Woman Suffrage Association vs National Women's Party

NAWSA preferred the state-by-state approach and traditional political action, whereas the NWP was formed expressly to win a federal amendment and was much more into civil disobedience. White House Picketing.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony

Women's Movement. Early leaders in trying to get women rights and the right to vote. 16th Amendment-after 15th Amendment, there was a split in women's groups as some demanded the vote while others sought to work towards it in a longer approach. Some went to the temperance movement too.

S. B. Anthony Court Case

1872 Susan B Anthony voted illegally for Congress in the 1872 election. She was arrested, indicted, tried, and convicted for voting illegally. Her case went to court where she argued voting was her 14th amendment right. Found guilty, and told to pay a $100 fine.

Alice Paul v Carrie Catt

Quaker leader NWP (young) vs NAWSA leader.

Bull "Moose" Party

The Progressive Party was a third party in the United States formed in 1912 by former president Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to his former protege turned rival, incumbent president William Howard Taft.

Chinese Exclusion Act

It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. In the spring of 1882, was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States.

Allies

Former Entente members in WWI: England, Russia, France, then added Serbia, Italy, USA, etc.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

First Battle of Marne

Aug. 1914. Schlieffen plan stopped, and Germans were forced back. Dug in. Trench warfare on the Western front begins.

Tannenberg

Epic Russian loss 1914. Entire second army under Samsonov killed or taken. Russians withdraw.

Gallipoli

Tried to resupply Russia via Ottoman Empire lands. Lost. It helped create further instability in Russia leading to the Bolshevik Revolution.

Galicia

Russia took eastern part of Austria-Hungary. Many Slavic so happy about the change (1914).

Gorlice-Tarnow

Germans/Austro-Hungarians pushed Russians back out of Galicia right into Russia (1915).

Battles of Isonzo

Northern Italy. Italians fought heavily here.

Spring Offensive 1918

Last ditch effort of the Germans to button up the war. Failed to divide French and British forces before Americans arrived.

1917 April

America gets involved in war. Unrestricted submarine warfare (turnip winter) and Zimmerman note.

Summer Offensive

The US shows up to Western Front in big numbers. Fight with French along the southern part of the front after Amiens.

Argonne-Meuse Offensive Nov. 11, 1918

Armistice to stop fighting.

Russia had 2 Revolutions in 1917

Spring Tsar Nicholas II stepped down in March, and in October, the Bolsheviks (Communists) took control. Petrograd Soviet launched an uprising after Vladimir Lenin was smuggled back into the nation by the Germans. Afterwards, a 3 year war ensued. Whites v Red, and the Red or Soviets won. They killed the royal family in Summer of 1918 and pulled out of the war too.

14 Point Plan

US President Wilson's Plan for peace following WWI: Self determination, freedom of trade, not punishing people, reducing arms and military build up, League of Nations. Ironically, US didn't join league of nations, and this is why the treaty wasn't ratified in the US by Congress.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty ending WWI. War guilt clause on Germany, etc. Not great.

President Warren Harding

1920 president. Conservative who cut taxes and government regulations ushering in business prosperity. Caught in many scandals (Teapot Dome and love scandal). Died at the end of his term, leaving Calvin Coolidge to take over.

Armenian Genocide

Ottoman Empire committed genocide to kill all Armenians. Christian ethnic minority. Too close to Russians, and they wanted their independence. This happened during WWI.

Spanish Influenza

Exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. Hit at the end of WWI. ⅓ of the globe infected with 25-50 million deaths caused. Hit strong, healthy young people hardest.

Roaring Twenties

The Jazz Age burst of prosperity and freedom for flappers and others during the Prohibition era, until the economy crashed in 1929.

Harding and Calvin

Conservative presidents during the 1920s… Trickle down economics. Big into reducing taxes and deregulation of business. This created a booming time for the market, but that boom had no guide rails, and soon, many problematic economic practices came crashing down.

Harlem Renaissance

Was an intellectual and cultural revival of African-American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s and 1930s. This happened after the Great Migration of Black Americans out of the South. Formed communities where more opportunity and prosperity allowed for the support of great Black Artists from many different categories.

Stock Market Crash

The main cause of the Wall Street crash of 1929 was the long period of speculation that preceded it, during which millions of people invested their savings or borrowed money to buy stocks, pushing prices to unsustainable levels. Investors lost billions of dollars as millions of shares plummeted in value and even became worthless. Those who had bought stocks with borrowed money were wiped out completely. Millions of Americans lost everything. It began in September, when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed, and ended in mid-November (Black Tuesday Oct 29, 1929).

Great Depression

Began with the Stock Market Crash and continued into the next decade. It was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. Industrial production plummeted. Unemployment soared. Families suffered. (People lost jobs, homes, and their faith.)