Plant diversity, classification and identification

What types of organs do angiosperms have

Flowering organ

What are modern angiosperms classified into?

Monocots and eudicots

eudicots are sister group to monocots

what are classed as spermatophytes?

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

what are classed as pteridophytes

Clubmosses

Monilophytes

what are classed as tracheophytes

Clubmosses

Monilophytes

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

what are classed as embryophytes

Bryophytes

Hornworts

Clubmosses

Monilophytes

Gymnosoerms

Angiosperms

Are Bryophytes vascular or non-vascular

Non vascular (no tracheids in xylem)

What are pteridophytes

spore-producing vascular plants

Where is the ovule in an angiosperm

Fully enclosed within the carpel

What type of fertilisation occurs in angiosperms

Double fertilisation

What does double fertilisation produce

The endosperm in the seed

What part of angiosperms may develop into fruit

Carpel and surrounding tissues

What type of body do some bryophytes have

Undifferentiated body called a thallus

What are the leaves of bryophytes like (where present)

Single layer of cells, no air space

What are the “roots” of bryophytes like

Root-like rhizoids

Anchor into the substrate but dont absorb water or nutrients (multicellular in mosses)

How do bryophytes absorb water and nutrients

Through their leaves

What phase cycle of life is dominant in bryophytes

Haploid gametophyte phase

What doe the sexual reproduction of liverwort require

Water

Sperm swim from antheridium to archegonia

Howe do liverwort asexually reproduce

Using gemmae - small discs of haploid tissue

What lifecycle phase is dominant in Tracheophytes

Diploid sporophyte phase

Are Tracheophytes vascular or non-vascular

Vascular plants

Why are Tracheophytes vascular

Lignified tracheid elements in xylem

What type of roots do tracheophytes have

True root

Anchors into the soil, also absorb water and nutrients

What are clubmosses

Lycophyte

What is the vascular system like in clubmosses

Simple microphyll leaf with a single vein

What is the vascular system of ferns and horsetails like

Have megaphylls (multiple veins)

How does water move through tracheophytes

Transpiration

What phase of life is dominant in ferns

Diploid sporophyte phase

(But the gametophyte is still a free-living organism which develops from a spore)

How do gymnosperms reproduce

With seeds

Where is the ovule on a gymnosperm

Not enclosed within an ovary

Borne on a scale with a cone

OR on a stalk

What life cycle phase are gymnosperms in

The gametophyte phase is internalised inside the sporophyte plant

Where do female gametophytes develop in gymnosperms

Within ovules

What do the male spore in gymnosperms do

Develop into male gametophytes (pollen)

Pollen delivers sperm to the ovule where it fertilises the archegonia

Where are the male spores in gymnosperms

Inside pollen cones

What type of sperm do Cycads and Ginkgo have

Motile sperm - conifers use a pollen tube to deliver the sperm

What does the seed comprise of in a gymnosperm

The embryo, remains of the female gametophyte, and the seed coat

What is the life cycle of an angiosperm (double fertilisation)

Pollen tube delivers passive sperm internally

One sperm fertilises the egg

Another fuses with the 2 polar nuclei to produce triploid endosperm

What type of plants dominated the envionement in the late carboniferous (300Ma)

Pteridophytes

Swamp forests

What type of plant dominated the environment 230-100Ma

Gymnosperm dominated ecosystem