Introduction to Human Cells – Nursing Fundamentals

A set of Q&A flashcards covering cell types, organelles, cellular respiration, DNA/protein synthesis, mitosis, and clinical relevance for nursing.

What is the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells (including human cells) have a nucleus.

Which part of a human cell regulates what enters and leaves the cell?

The cell membrane.

Which jelly-like substance fills the interior of the cell and suspends the organelles?

The cytoplasm.

Which organelle is known as the cell’s “control center” and houses DNA?

The nucleus.

Which organelle is nicknamed the “powerhouse of the cell” because it produces ATP during cellular respiration?

The mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria).

Which small organelles are responsible for building proteins from the instructions in DNA?

Ribosomes.

Which organelle functions like a hallway, transporting materials within the cell?

The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).

Which organelle packages and ships proteins to their final destinations?

The Golgi Apparatus.

Which organelles act as the cell’s “clean-up crew,” breaking down waste materials?

Lysosomes.

Which paired structures help organize the spindle and guide chromosome separation during mitosis?

Centrioles.

In what organelle does cellular respiration occur?

The mitochondria.

Write the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration.

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP).

Where in the cell does DNA reside, and what main role does it play in protein synthesis?

DNA resides in the nucleus and provides instructions to ribosomes for protein assembly.

What is mitosis, and why is it important for the human body?

Mitosis is cell division that produces two identical daughter cells; it supports growth and tissue repair.

List the five phases of mitosis in order using their first letters.

I-P-M-A-T: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

What mnemonic can help you remember the order of mitosis phases?

“I Passed My Anatomy Test!”

Why do nurses monitor oxygen levels in patients?

Oxygen is required for cellular respiration, so monitoring ensures cells receive enough oxygen to produce energy.

How does chemotherapy work at the cellular level?

It targets rapidly dividing cells (such as cancer cells) to stop uncontrolled growth.

Why are nutrition, oxygen, and fluids critical to healing tissues?

They supply cells with the resources needed to produce energy and create new cells for repair.

How does understanding cell biology help nurses manage infections?

Knowing that infections damage cells guides interventions and medication choices to protect or restore cellular health.