anatomy blood

Hormone

chemical mediators that will help maintain homeostasis. Will be released in one area of the body

target cell

cell with a receptor that will respond to the presence of a hormone

Endocrine glands

secretes products INTO body fluids

Exocrine glands

secretes products ONTO a surface
Ducts (mammary

Endocrine and nervous system

Two systems that function together as a super system. (thalamus/hypothalamus and pituitary gland is a intersection point)

1. Nervous system stimulation
2. endocrine system (gland)
3. Hormone release
4. target cell/tissue (receptor)
5. Change (proteins)

what is the process of secreting a hormone?

True endocrine glands(pituitary

thyroid

Other endocrine glands (Hypothalamus

thymus

Non-steroid (water soluble) hormones

circulate freely in the plasma

Steroid (lipid soluble) hormones

circulates bound to a protein in the plasma

negative feedback

Most hormone secretion is controlled by what kind of feedback mechanism?

stimulation

increased frequency of hormones

inhibited

decreased frequency of hormones

neural signs

chemical changes in the blood

Growth hormone

Anterior pituitary

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Anterior pituitary

Follicle stimulating hormone

Anterior pituitary

Luteinizing hormone

anterior pituitary

prolactin

anterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Anterior pituitary

antidiuretic hormone

posterior pituitary

oxytocin

posterior pituitary

thyroxine (T3) triiodothyronine (T4)

thyroid

calcatonin

thyroid

Parathyroid hormone

increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

adrenal cortex

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

adrenal cortex increases resistance to stress

androgens

insignificant in males

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

adrenal medulla

Insulin

Pancreas

Glucagon

Pancreas

Estrogen and Progesterone

Ovaries

helps regulate menstrual cycle

relaxin

Ovaries

Inhibin

inhibits release of FSH from the anterior pituitary

testosterone

testes

stimulate male sex drive

regulates sperm production

Melatonin

Pineal gland

thymosin

thymus

blood

heart

More viscous than water

temp is about 1 degree C higher than body temp

transportation

(Functions of blood)
carry oxygen from the lungs to body cells
carry metabolic waste from tissues to lungs

regulation

(Functions of blood)
Ph and body temperature

Protection

(Functions of blood)
controls loss- platelets
immunity and immune response (WBC)

connective tissue

What type of tissue is blood considered to be?

plasma

55% of blood composition

formed elements

45% of blood composition

1-5% buffy coat (WBC and platelets)
95-99% RBC

What is the composition of the formed elements?

red blood cells

to carry oxygen

WBC

immunity

platelets

blood clotting

92% water

7% proteins

albumin

60% of proteins found in plasma. Functions to maintain osmotic pressure

globulins

36% of proteins found in plasma. Functions to help produce antibodies

Fibrinogen

4% of proteins found in plasma. Functions to help with blood clotting

living cells\= RBC and WBC
cell fragments\= platelets

what are "Living cells" and what are "cell fragments"?

erythropoietin

means red blood cell production. stimulated by a decrease in oxygen levels.

hematopoetic stem cells

cells that develop blood cells

hemat/o-

hem/o-

erythropoiesis

specifically develop RBC

Leukopoiesis

specifically develop WBC

Thrombopoiesis

specifically develop platelets

RBC\= 120 days
WBC\= hours

days

Bioconcave disc

made up of a plasma membrane

antigen

proteins or sugars that are attached to the cell membrane to identify the cell

antibody

proteins that will attach to antigens to protect the body

A antigen

Anti-B antibody

B antigen

Anti-A antibody

A and B antigens

no antibody

no antigens

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

makes it positive or negative

What does the Rh factor (antigen D) do to the blood

O positive

AB negative

transfusions

can be whole blood

A blood

O blood

B blood

O blood

A blood

B blood

O Blood
*Universal Donor*

What type of blood can someone who is Type O receive?

Rh Factor

When receiving blood

Antigen D

Rhesus Monkey

hemolysis and/or agglutination-\> death
The first time someone who is Rh- receives Rh+ blood

they develop antibodies

Nucleus

but no hemoglobin

2.
Granular(Neutrophils

basophils

Platelets

made up of cell fragments

Function is to stop bleeding by hemostasis

What is the function of platelets?

Vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting (coagulation)

What is the sequence that has to happen to stop bleeding? Must be quick

nutrients and O2.
Waste and CO2

Blood vessels carry \---- to the cells and \----- away from the cells

Artery

Carry blood away from the heart

vein

carry blood toward the heart

capillaries

where exchange vessels occurs

Heart

artery

Tunica Interna

Internal layer of a blood vessel

tunica media

Middle

Tunica externa

External layer of a blood vessel

Veins are thinner and arteries are thicker (Tunica Media)

veins have valves

continous

capillary that is the least leaky and has the most endothelium.

Fenestrated

capillary that has tiny pores called fenestrations in the endothelium

sinusoid

capillary that are the most leaky and have large holes/openings in the endothelium. (think sinuses)

filtration

pressure will move fluid and solutes FROM blood vessels into interstitial fluid

reabsorption

pressure will move fluid and solutes from interstitial fluid INTO blood vessels