Anatomy final

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

anatomy

the function of the body, how the body parts work and cary out their life sustaining activities

physiology

Describe the anatomical position

Body erect; feet flat, facing forward; eyes facing forward; arms to the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing out.

ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

homeostasis

enhancement of a bodily response away from a set point

positive feedback

reduced bodily response to return back to a set point

negative feedback

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

inside of elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm/bicep

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

costal

rib

coxal

hip

crural

leg

dorsal

back

frontal

forehead

gluteal

buttock

inguinal

groin

lingual

tongue

lumbar

lower back

mental

chin

occipital

back of head

otic

ears

cranial

head

cubital

elbow

patella

knee

pedal

foot

pectoral

chest

plantar

bottom of foot

popliteal

back of knee

sacral

between hips

sternal

sternum

sural

calf

tarsal

ankle

umbilical

belly button

splits the body into left and right

sagittal/medial plane

splits the body into front and back

coronal plane

splits the body into top and bottom

transverse plane

dorsal

back

ventral

front

cranial

head

vertebral

spine

thoracic

chest

pleural

lungs

pelvic

pelvis

pericardial

around the heart

Abdominal

stomach

separates the thoracic and abdominal regions

diaphragm

smallest functional component of the human body

cell

cells with equal concentration of water and solute

isotonic

cells that are too concentrated inside

hypotonic

cells that are too concentrated outside

hypertonic

the expected outcome of mitosis

two genetically identical daughter cells

Mitosis consists of

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

after mitosis, the process of the cell splitting is called what?

cytokinesis

the term used to describe the study of tissues

histology

the four types of tissue are what?

muscle, epithelial, connective, and nervous

What are the three types of epithelial tissues that can be both simple or statified?

squamous, cubodial, and columnar

several layers of cells and basal layers are either cuboidal or columnar and surface cells are flat. these cells prevent water loss and penetration of diseased organisms

stratified squamous

Where are stratified squamous cells found?

the esophagus, mouth, female reproductive organs, and the skin

has limited distribution in the body, several cell layers, basal (bottom) cells are usually cuboidal and superficial (top) cells are elongated and columnar. these cells are used for protection

stratified columnar

stratified columnar cells are located where?

the pharynx and male urethra

single layer of cube-like cells and are used for secretion and absorption

simple cuboidal

simple cubodial cells are found where?

kidney tubicles

single layer of tall cells where the nuclei can look round or oval-like. used for secretion and absorption and contains goblet cells to secrete mucus.

simple columnar

simple columnar cells are found where?

lining of stomach, intestines, and part of the respiratory tract

looks like both stratified squamous and stratified cubodial and is able to stretch when needed

transitional

where are transitional cells located?

bladder

single layer of flat cells that are used for diffusion, filtration, and secretion of lubricating substances

simple squamous

simple squamous cells are found where?

the lining of the cavities of the body, such as pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal

Single layer of cells with differing heights, not all cells will reach the free surface. Nuclei are uneven which gives it a layered appearance. These are used for secretion

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells are found where?

sperm carrying ducts, the trachea, and the mouth

flat cells

squamous

cube-like cells

cuboidal

long cells

columnar

binds structures together, forms a framework and support for organs and the body, stores fat, transports substances, and protects against diseases

connective tissue

Loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers, scattered cell types & abundant ground substance

areolar

Large, empty-looking cells (adipocytes) with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane

adipose

reticular fibers in loose ground substance

reticular

Densely, packed, parallel collagen fibers; compressed fibroblast nuclei & scanty open space, Few blood vessels, injuries- slow to heal

dense regular

irregularly arranged collagen fibers containing fibroblasts

dense irregular

Clear, glassy matrix, fine dispersed collagen fibers, and chondrocytes in small clusters enclosed in lacunae

hyaline cartilage

web-like mesh of fibers

elastic cartilage

cartilage containing parallel collagen fibers

fibrocartilage

containing elastic fibers

dense elastic

supports and protects, provides levers for the muscles to act on, and stores calcium and other minerals and fat

bone

transports respiratory gases, nutrients, waste and other substances

blood

where is blood located?

blood vessels

what gives arterial walls the strength and ability to regain original shape after stretching

dense elastic

where is dense elastic tissue located?

walls of arteries and trachea (bronchial tubes)

cartilage that has tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

fibrocartilage

Where is fibrocartilage found?

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and discs of knee joints

which type of cartilage maintains structure while allowing great flexibility

elastic cartilage

Where is elastic cartilage found?

external ear, epiglottis

which cartilage supports and reinforces, has resilient cushioning properties, and resists compressive stress

hyaline cartilage

Which cartilage is most abundant?

hyaline cartilage

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

ends of long bones, nose, ends of ribs, larynx and trachea