Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System

1. Identify the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system. 2. Describe the main functions of the musculoskeletal system. 3. Spell the correct terms of the musculoskeletal system and use the correct abbreviations. 4. Pronounce the medical terms of the musculoskeletal system and use the correct abbreviations. 5. Identify the medical specialties associated with the musculoskeletal system. 6. Explore common diseases, disorders, and procedures related to the musculoskeletal system.

skeletal system

Includes all of the bones, cartilages, and ligaments of the body that support and give shape to the body and body structures

There are ___ bones in the adult skeleton.

206

the skeletal system protects…

internal organs

the bones of the skeleton serve as the primary storage site for minerals such as…

calcium and phosphate

found within bones; stores fat and houses blood-cell producing tissue of the body.

bone marrow

forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back

axial skeleton

the axial skeleton consists of ____ bones, including the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

80

the skull is formed by ___ bones

22

7 more bones associated with the skull are the…

hyoid bone and 3 ear ossicles in each middle ear

the vertebral column consists of ___ bones.

24

each bone in the vertebral column is called a…

vertebra

Along with the vertebra, the vertebral column is also made up of both the ____ and ____

sacrum, coccyx

the thoracic cage is made up of ____ pairs of ribs

12

Along with the ribs, the thoracic cage is also made up of the flattened bone of the anterior chest, or the…

sternum

the first 7 vertebrae in the neck region

cervical vertebrae, C1-C7

the next 12 vertebrae inferior to the cervical vertebrae that form the outward curvature of the spine

thoracic vertebrae, T1-T12

the next 5 vertebrae inferior to the thoracic vertebrae that form the inner curvature of the spine

lumbar vertebrae, L1-L5

the triangular bone at the base of the spine

sacrum

the tailbone

coccyx

includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton.

appendicular skeleton

there are ___ bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult

126

the areas where joints meet bones or where bones meet cartilage are called…

articulations

joints can be classified based on their…

ability to move

at ____ ____, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other

movable joints

joints that provide the most movement are the…

least stable

____ ____ are connected to each other by connective tissue or cartilage and are designed for stability and provide for little or no movement

stable joints

Muscle tissue covers the entire body and is made up of specialized cells called…

fibers

the 3 types of muscle tissue are:

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

all 3 muscle tissue types exhibit a quality called ______, which means that their plasma membranes can change their electrical states form and send an action potential along the entire length of the membrane

excitability

an electrical wave sent by muscles when exhibiting excitability

action potential

a fibrous connective tissue that encloses muscles

fascia

striated muscles that are responsible for voluntary muscle movement such as swallowing

skeletal muscles

muscles mainly associated with the walls of the internal organs, also known as visceral muscles and are responsible for involuntary muscle movement such as breathing

smooth muscle

myocardium; its striated appearance is similar to a skeletal muscle and is responsible for the pumping of blood and it gives the heartbeat

cardiac muscle

another word for cardiac muscle

myocardium

away from the midline

abduction

towards the midline

adduction

turning inward

inversion

turning outward

eversion

movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position, increasing the angle between the bone and the joint

extension

movement in which a limb is bent, decreasing the angle between the bone and the joint

flexion

movement that turns the palm down

pronation

movement that turns the palm upwards

supination

turning around its own axis

rotation

ankyl/o

stiff, bent

aponeur/o

aponeurosis

arthr/o

joint

burs/o

bursa

carp/o

carpals, wrist

chondr/o

cartilage

clavic/o, clavicul/o

clavicle, collarbone

cost/o

ribs

crani/o

cranium

disk/o

intervertebral disk

femor/o

femur, upper leg bone

fibul/o

fibula, lower leg bone

humer/o

humerus, upper arm bone

ili/o

ilium

ischi/o

ischium

kinesi/o

movement, motion

kyph/o

increased convexity of the spine

lord/o

bent forward; increased concavity of the pine

lumb/o

loin, lumbar region of the spine

mandibul/o

mandible, lower jawbone

maxill/o

maxilla, upper jawbone

menisco

meniscus, crescent

myelo

spinal cord

oste/o

bone

patell/o

patella, kneecap

pelv/i or pelv/o

pelvis, pelvic bone

petr/o

stone

phalang/o

phalanges, bones of fingers and toes

pub/o

pubis

rachi/o

vertebral spine, vertebral column

radio

nerve root

scapul/o

scapula, shoulder blade

scolio

crooked, curved

spondyl/o

vertebra, spine, vertebral column

stern/o

sternum, breastplaste

tars/o

tarsals, ankle bones

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon

tibi/o

tibia, lower leg bone

uln/o

ulna, lower arm bone

vertebr/o

vertebra, spine, vertebral column

a-

absence of, without

ab-

away from

ad-

toward

brady-

slow

dys-

painful, difficult, abnormal, labored

hyper-

above, excessive

inter-

between

intra-

within, in

poly-

many, much

sub-

below, under

supra-

above

sym-, syn-

together, joined

-al, -ar, -ic

pertaining to

-algia

pain

-asthenia

weakness

-centesis

surgical procedure to aspirate fluid