UGS 303 - Jerusalem Exam 2

1967 War (Six-Day War)

Fought in June 1967 between Israel and Arab states (Egypt, Syria, Jordan). Israel's victory resulted in its capture of East Jerusalem (including the Old City) from Jordan, which is a key event in modern Jerusalem's history.

1968 Palestinian National Charter

The revised version of the Palestinian National Charter (PNC), adopted in 1968 by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It explicitly called for the end of the state of Israel and the "liberation of Palestine," including Jerusalem.

1993 Oslo Accords

A set of agreements between Israel and the PLO, signed in September 1993. They established a framework for Palestinian self-government in parts of the West Bank and Gaza, but deferred the highly sensitive issue of Jerusalem's final status to future negotiations.

2003 Roadmap

A plan put forward by the "Quartet" (US, EU, Russia, UN) in 2003 to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, aiming for an independent Palestinian state. It included phases leading to a final status agreement, where Jerusalem was a crucial and deferred topic.

Palestinian National Charter of 1964

The original founding document of the PLO, drafted in 1964, which stated the goal of a sovereign Palestinian state and the liberation of Jerusalem.

Balfour Declaration

A public statement issued by the British government in November 1917 during WWI, declaring support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people," paving the way for the later British Mandate in which Jerusalem was the capital.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A secret accord signed in May 1916 between Great Britain and France (with Russian assent) to divide the Ottoman Empire's Arab provinces. Palestine, including Jerusalem, was initially proposed for international administration, though the final outcome was British control.

Hamas Covenant

The charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), issued in 1988, which advocates for an Islamic state in all of historic Palestine, including Jerusalem, and rejects peace with Israel.

UN Resolution 242

Adopted by the UN Security Council after the 1967 War in November 1967. It called for the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict and the end of all states of belligerency. It is a foundational document for negotiating the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the status of Jerusalem.

UNSCOP Proposal

The recommendation by the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine in 1947 to partition Palestine. It proposed that Jerusalem and its surrounding area be designated a Corpus Separatum (a separate body) under international control.

Napoleon’s Letter to the Jews

A letter allegedly issued by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 during his siege of Acre, inviting Jews to rally to his side and hinting at restoring ancient Jerusalem; its authenticity is debated.

Peel Commission

A British Royal Commission established in 1936 to investigate the causes of the Arab Revolt. Its 1937 report recommended the partition of Palestine, including Jerusalem, which would remain under a British-administered enclave.

Deir Yassin massacre

An attack on the Palestinian village of Deir Yassin near Jerusalem in April 1948 by Jewish paramilitary groups (Irgun and Lehi) during the 1948 War. The high casualty count made it a highly controversial event.

First Intifada

A Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, lasting from 1987 to 1993. It involved civil disobedience, protests, and violence, with many related events occurring in or near Jerusalem.

Second or al-Aqsa Intifada (2000-2005)

A major Palestinian uprising beginning in September 2000, sparked largely by Ariel Sharon's controversial visit to the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif. It was marked by significantly greater violence, including numerous suicide bombings in Jerusalem.

Holy Sepulcher Fire of 1808

A devastating fire in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in 1808, which necessitated major restoration work and further codified the complex status quo among Christian denominations in Jerusalem.

Horns of Hattin

The site of a decisive battle in July 1187 where Saladin's forces annihilated the Crusader army. This defeat directly led to Saladin's subsequent capture of Jerusalem from the Crusaders.

King David Hotel Bombing

An attack carried out by the Zionist paramilitary group Irgun on the King David Hotel in Jerusalem in July 1946, which was the headquarters of the British Mandatory government's administrative and military command.

Mount Scopus convoy massacre

An attack by Arab forces on a Jewish convoy, including doctors and nurses, traveling to the Hadassah Hospital on Mount Scopus in Jerusalem in April 1948, just before the end of the British Mandate.

Naqib al-Ashraf Revolt

A major rebellion in 1703 by local Jerusalem leaders against Ottoman rule, resulting in significant disruption and an attempted, though ultimately unsuccessful, assertion of local autonomy.

Operation Nachshon

A key Haganah military operation in April 1948 during the 1948 War to open the road to Jewish Jerusalem, which was under siege. The operation was successful in briefly securing the route.

Palm Sunday Rebellion of 1757

A conflict among Christian denominations in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in 1757 over control of holy sites. The resulting Ottoman ruling reaffirmed the Status Quo, which governs the sites to this day.

The Arab Revolt of 1936

A revolt by Palestinian Arabs against the British Mandate and increasing Jewish immigration, lasting from 1936 to 1939. Much of the conflict, including strikes and violence, centered in and around Jerusalem.

Yom Kippur War

Fought in October 1973 by a coalition of Arab states (led by Egypt and Syria) against Israel. While the main fighting was not in Jerusalem, the war had profound political effects, leading to later peace negotiations (like Camp David).

Abd al-Ma'mun

Full name al-Ma'mun, the Abbasid Caliph who ruled from 813–833 CE. He is known for refurbishing the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.

Abdul Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970. A key figure in Pan-Arabism and a main opponent of Israel, he was the leader of the coalition of Arab states defeated in the 1967 War.

Abu Moslem

A major figure in the Abbasid Revolution in the 8th century CE who helped overthrow the Umayyad Caliphate, which had centered its power in Jerusalem for a time.

al-Abbas

The Abbasid Caliphate, which succeeded the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 CE and ruled Jerusalem from its new capital in Baghdad, continuing to administer the holy sites.

al-Hakim

Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth Fatimid Caliph (r. 996–1021 CE). His persecution of non-Muslims, including the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in 1009, contributed to the eventual launch of the Crusades.

al-Kamil

Al-Kamil Muhammad al-Malik, the Ayyubid Sultan who signed the Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul in 1229 with Frederick II, temporarily ceding Jerusalem to the Crusaders.

Anwar Sadat

President of Egypt from 1970 to 1981. He signed the Camp David Accords and the subsequent Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979), being the first Arab leader to recognize Israel.

Ariel Sharon

An Israeli general and politician. His controversial visit to the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif in September 2000 is widely considered the trigger for the Second Intifada.

Ayyubids

A Muslim dynasty founded by Saladin in the 12th century. They recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187 and ruled the city until the Mamluks took over in the mid-13th century.

Balian of Ibelin

A powerful nobleman in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. He famously led the defense of Jerusalem against Saladin in 1187 and negotiated the safe surrender of the city.

Camp David Accords

Peace agreements negotiated at Camp David between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, signed in September 1978, setting the stage for the Egypt-Israel peace treaty.

Chaim Weizmann

A leading Zionist figure, scientist, and the first President of Israel (1949–1952). He was instrumental in securing the Balfour Declaration in 1917.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor in the 16th century. His reign overlapped with the golden age of Ottoman rule under Suleiman the Magnificent, who rebuilt the current walls of Jerusalem.

Constantine

Roman Emperor (r. 306–337 CE). His conversion to Christianity and the subsequent visit of his mother, Helena, led to the construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and transformed Jerusalem into a primary Christian pilgrimage center.

David Ben Gurion

The primary founder of the State of Israel and its first Prime Minister (1948–1954). He declared Israel's independence in 1948 and established West Jerusalem as the capital.

David Lloyd George

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during WWI. He was a major proponent of the Balfour Declaration in 1917 and led the British government when it captured Jerusalem in that year.

Edmund Allenby

A British field marshal who commanded the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. He famously entered Jerusalem on foot in December 1917 after capturing it from the Ottomans during WWI.

Eudocia

Roman Empress, wife of Theodosius II. She lived in Jerusalem from 443 CE until her death in 460 CE, supporting the construction of new churches and walls, and allowing Jews back into the city.

Fatimids

A Shi'a Islamic caliphate that ruled North Africa and Egypt, and controlled Jerusalem from 969 to 1071 CE. Their rule was marked by periods of tolerance and persecution (e.g., Caliph al-Hakim).

Godfrey of Bouillon

A French Crusader leader who became the first ruler of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem following the city's capture in 1099 during the First Crusade.

Haj Amin al-Husseini

A prominent Palestinian Arab nationalist and religious leader (Grand Mufti of Jerusalem) under the British Mandate. He played a key role in organizing The Arab Revolt of 1936.

Haroun al-Rashid

The fifth and most famous Abbasid Caliph (r. 786–809 CE). During his reign, Jerusalem remained under Abbasid control, and the city prospered as a center of pilgrimage.

Henry Kissinger

U.S. Secretary of State who played a central role in diplomatic efforts, including the disengagement agreements following the Yom Kippur War in 1973, which impacted the broader political status of Jerusalem.

Herbert Samuel

A British Liberal politician and the first High Commissioner for Palestine under the British Mandate, serving from 1920 to 1925. He oversaw the administration of Jerusalem as the capital.

Hercalius

Heraclius, Byzantine Emperor (r. 610–641 CE). He successfully restored the True Cross to Jerusalem in 630 after its capture by the Persians, only to lose the city to the Muslim conquest under Caliph Umar in 637.

Judah heHasid

A Polish Rabbi who led a major group of Jewish immigrants (300-500 people) to Jerusalem in 1700. His synagogue, the Hurva Synagogue, was destroyed shortly after his death, leading to a major Jewish debt crisis.

Julian

Roman Emperor (r. 361–363 CE) known as "the Apostate." He reversed Constantine's Christianization and attempted to allow the Jews to rebuild their Temple in Jerusalem, though the project failed.

Kaiser Wilhelm

Wilhelm II, the German Emperor (Kaiser), who visited Jerusalem in 1898. His visit highlighted German interest in the Holy Land and resulted in the acquisition of land for the Church of the Redeemer.

Khalif Abd al-Malik

The Umayyad Caliph (r. 685–705 CE) who built the Dome of the Rock (completed in 691/692 CE) and is credited with developing Jerusalem as a major early Islamic center.

Khosrau II

The Sasanian (Persian) King who conquered Jerusalem in 614 CE, ending Byzantine control and destroying many Christian churches, including the original Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

King Abdullah

Abdullah I of Jordan, founder of modern Jordan. After the 1948 War, the Jordanian Arab Legion captured and annexed the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and the Old City, which he ruled until his assassination in 1951.

Mamluks

A Muslim military dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria (including Jerusalem) from 1250 to 1517, succeeding the Ayyubids. They were responsible for significant building and restoration work in the Old City.

Mehmet Ali

An Albanian commander who became the Ottoman Pasha (governor) of Egypt. His son, Ibrahim Pasha, briefly took control of Jerusalem and the region from the Ottomans in the 1830s, bringing a period of reform.

Moses Montefiore

A wealthy British-Jewish philanthropist who made seven visits to Jerusalem in the 19th century. He funded the first Jewish neighborhood built outside the Old City walls (Mishkenot Sha'ananim) in 1860.

Moshe Dayan

An Israeli military leader and politician. As Minister of Defense during the 1967 War, he oversaw the capture of East Jerusalem and was central to the decision to return administrative control of the Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount to the Islamic Waqf.

Mu’awiya I

Founder of the Umayyad Caliphate (r. 661–680 CE). He may have been proclaimed Caliph in Jerusalem, establishing a foundational link between the new Muslim empire and the holy city.

Nachmanides

Rabbi Moses ben Nahman, a highly influential medieval Jewish scholar who arrived in Jerusalem in 1267 during the Mamluk period and is credited with revitalizing the Jewish community there.

Pope Urban II

The Pope who delivered the sermon at the Council of Clermont in 1095 that launched the First Crusade, with the ultimate goal of recapturing Jerusalem from Muslim control.

Richard I the Lionheart

King of England and a key leader of the Third Crusade (1189–1192). He failed to recapture Jerusalem from Saladin but secured Christian access to the city through the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192.

Saladin

An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. He recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders after the Battle of Horns of Hattin in 1187, an event that shattered Crusader dominance.

Samuel Clemens

The American author, better known as Mark Twain. His satirical travelogue, The Innocents Abroad (1869), described the desolation of Jerusalem in the mid-19th century, influencing American perceptions of the city.

Seljuks

A Turkish Sunni Muslim dynasty that took control of Jerusalem from the Fatimids in 1071 CE, a move which contributed to the tensions that precipitated the First Crusade.

Sherif Hussein

Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi, the Sharif of Mecca and an Arab leader who led the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during WWI, hoping to establish a unified Arab state that would include Jerusalem.

Suleiman I

Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Sultan (r. 1520–1566). He oversaw a golden age in Jerusalem, most famously by ordering the construction of the magnificent current city walls and gates around the Old City.

Theodor Herzl

The founder of modern political Zionism. His book, The Jewish State (1896), argued for the establishment of a Jewish national home, with Jerusalem as its ultimate spiritual capital.

Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Caliph of Islam (r. 634–644 CE). He captured Jerusalem from the Byzantines in 637 and famously negotiated the Pact of Umar, which protected the Christian holy sites and inhabitants.

Yasser Arafat

The long-time leader of the PLO and the first President of the Palestinian Authority. He was a key negotiator of the Oslo Accords and fiercely maintained the Palestinian claim to East Jerusalem as their capital.

Yitzhak Rabin

An Israeli general and politician. As Prime Minister, he signed the Oslo Accords with Yasser Arafat in 1993, a groundbreaking but controversial step toward resolving the conflict over Jerusalem.

al-Quds

The most common Arabic name for Jerusalem, meaning "The Holy One" or "The Sanctuary."

American Colony

A Christian utopian community founded in Jerusalem in 1881 by American and Swedish Christians, primarily known today for the historic American Colony Hotel in East Jerusalem.

Burma Road

A rough, temporary road hastily constructed by Jewish forces in 1948 to bypass the Arab-controlled Latrun region and supply the besieged Jewish community in Jerusalem during the 1948 War.

Dreyfus Affair

A major political scandal in France that divided the nation from 1894 to 1906. Theodor Herzl's witnessing of the anti-Semitism involved was a key factor in his decision to formalize the Zionist movement.

Fada’il al-Quds

A genre of Arabic and Islamic literature praising the virtues and religious significance of Jerusalem (al-Quds), prominent from the early Islamic period onwards.

Fedayeen

A term meaning "those who sacrifice themselves," used to describe Palestinian guerrillas who engaged in armed struggle against Israel from the 1950s onward, with operations sometimes involving Jerusalem.

Filastin

The Arabic name for Palestine, which includes Jerusalem. It was also the name of a prominent Arab newspaper published in Jaffa and later Jerusalem during the British Mandate era.

Haram al-Sharif

The Arabic name for the plateau in the Old City, meaning "The Noble Sanctuary." It is the site of the Dome of the Rock and Masjid al-Aqsa and is considered the third holiest site in Islam.

Ḥurva Synagogue

A historic and symbolic synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City. First built by Judah heHasid's followers in the 18th century, it was destroyed in 1948 by the Jordanian Arab Legion, and later rebuilt in the 2000s.

Madaba Map

A 6th-century CE mosaic floor map located in Madaba, Jordan. It is the oldest surviving cartographic depiction of the Holy Land, including a detailed representation of Byzantine-era Jerusalem.

Madinat Bayt al-Maqdis

An early and formal Arabic name for Jerusalem, meaning "City of the Holy Temple/Sanctuary."

Masjid al-Aqsa

The Arabic name for the mosque situated on the Haram al-Sharif. It is the main congregational mosque and the second most important structure on the site after the Dome of the Rock.

Nea Church

Also known as the Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos (New Church of the God-Bearer). Built by Emperor Justinian in 543 CE, it was one of the largest Byzantine-era churches in Jerusalem.

Pan Arabism

An ideology promoting the political and cultural unification of Arab nations. It was a major force in the Arab world in the mid-20th century and a driving force behind the Arab opposition to the establishment of Israel and its control over Jerusalem.

Russian Compound

A complex of buildings constructed by the Imperial Russian government in the 1860s outside the walls of the Old City to host the large influx of Russian Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem.

Second Aliyah

The second wave of Jewish immigration (Aliyah) to Palestine, lasting roughly from 1904 to 1914, largely from Russia and Poland, which significantly expanded the Jewish population in and around Jerusalem.

St. Anne's Church

A Crusader-era church in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City, built between 1131 and 1138. It is one of the best-preserved examples of Crusader architecture in Jerusalem.

Templum Domini

The Latin name given by the Crusaders to the Dome of the Rock after they converted it into a Christian church following the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.

Treaty of Jaffa

A peace treaty signed between Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in 1192 at the end of the Third Crusade, which secured Christian control of the coast and guaranteed Christian pilgrimage rights to Jerusalem.

Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul

A treaty signed in 1229 between Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, which temporarily returned Jerusalem (without the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif) to Crusader control.

Yerushalayim shel Zahav

A popular and iconic Israeli song ("Jerusalem of Gold") written in 1967 by Naomi Shemer. It was immediately adopted as a symbol of the city's reunification after the 1967 War.

Zahrat al Mada'en

A famous Arabic song ("The Flower of Cities") by Lebanese singer Fairuz, released after the 1967 War. It is a poignant, iconic song about the loss and longing for Arab Jerusalem.