EMT Foundational

What is the normal heart rate?

Normal Heart rate is 60 - 100%

What is the normal blood pressure rate?

Normal blood pressure rate is 120/80

What is a normal resting heart rate?

A normal resting heart rate is 12-20

What is a normal Blood Glucose Level of BGL?

A normal BGL is typically between 60 - 120

What is a normal SPO2 rate?

A normal SPO2 rate is 95% - 100%

How do you do a scene size up? and what nemonic is used?

BENAMES is the nemonic to use to size up a scene.

B: BSI Scene is Safe

E: Environment

N: Number of Patients

A: Additional Resources

M: Mechanism of Injury (MOI) or Nature of Injury (NOI)

E: Extrication

S: Spinal Precautions

For Patient Assessment, what does the nemonic S.A.M.P.L.E stand for?

S: Signs and Symptoms

A: Allergies

M: Medication

P: Past Medical Use

L: Last Oral Intake

E: Events Leading Up To

To assess the eyes of a patient, what nemonic is used?

To assess the eyes, P.E.R.R.L.A.

P: Pupils

E: Equal

R: Round

R: Reactive

L: Light

A: Accommodation

What is the nemonic to use when a pt. c/c is pain?

We use, O.P.Q.R.S.T.

O: Onset

P: Provocation

Q: Quality

R: Region/Radiation

S: Severity

T: Time

What is the nemonic to use when a pt. c/c is having a hard time breathing (respiratory)?

We use, P.A.S.T.E.

P: Progress

A: Associated Chest Pain

S: Sputum

T: Talk/Tiredness

E: Exacerbation

What is the nemonic to use when pt. is experiencing an altered level of consciousness?

We use, AEIOUTIPPS

A: Alcohol

E: Epilepsy

I: Insulin

O: Overdose

U: Under dose

T: Trauma

I: Infections

P: Psychosis

P: Poison

S: Stroke

S: Shock

What is the nemonic to use for a trauma patient?

We use, D.C.A.P.B.T.L.S.I.C.

D: Deformity

C: Contusion

A: Abrasion

P: Puncture/Penetration

B: Burns

T: Tenderness

L: Lacerations

S: Swelling

I: Instability

C: Crepitus

What does the nemonic AVPU mean?

A: Alert

V: Verbal

P: Pain

U: Unresponsive

What is nemonic ABC?

A: Airway

B: Breathing

C: Circulation

What does nemonic FAST mean?

F: Facial Drooping

A: Arm Drift

S: Slurred Speech

T: Time

What are questions to ask when using BENAMES?

B: “BSI is the scene safe?”

E: “What is the environmental conditions?”

N: “How many patients are there?”

A: “Do I need additional resources?”

M: “What is the mechanism / nature of the injury?”

E: “Is there a need for extrications?”

S: “Do I need to take spinal precautions?”

What are questions to ask when using SAMPLE?

S: Use PASTE/OPQRST/AEIOUTIPPSS

A: “Do you have any allergies?”
M: “Do you take any medications?”

P: “Any past or current medical history?”

L: “When did you last eat?”

E: “Was there anything that led into this c/c?”

What are questions to ask when using OPQRST?

O: “When did this start?” “What were you doing?”

P: “What makes the pain, better or worst?”

Q: “Can you describe the pain? Dull, Sharp, etc..”

R: “Where is the pain? Can you point to it?”

S: “From a scale of 1-10, 1 being the least, and 10 the most pain?”

T: “How long has it been active, constant, or comes and goes?”

What are questions to ask when using PASTE?

P: “Was this sudden, or have you been experiencing this overtime? Were you doing anything specific?”

A: “Do you have any chest pain?”

S: “Are you coughing up any phlegm/sputum? What color?”

T: “Can you count to 10 for me?”

E: “Can you normally walk from here to there?”

What is a normal body temperature?

A normal body temperature is: 98.6 degrees F

What is the body temperature for a low-grade fever?

Low-Grade fever: 100.4 degrees F

What is the body’s temperature for a high fever?

High fever is: 104 degrees F

What is a low oxygen saturation rate?

Low oxygen saturation is: 92% and below.

A patient is Tachypnea when their breathing is:

more than 12 breaths per minute

A patient is Bradypnea when their breathing is:

lower than 12 breaths per minute

What are normal skin signs?

Normal skin signs are: Pink, Warm, and Dry

What are abnormal skin signs? (Poor Perfusion)

Abnormal Skin Signs are: Cold, Pale, Diaphoretic

What does nemonic CSMTP stand for?

C: Color

M: Motor

S: Sensory

T: Temperature

P: Pulse

What nemonic to use for ALOC pt?

for ALOC patients we use, AEIOUTIPS

A: “Have you drank any alcohol?”

E: “History of Epilepsy?”

I: “Are you diabetic? Do you use insulin?”

U: “Have you taken any medication today?”

O: “Do you use any drugs?”

T: “Any signs of trauma?”

I: “Any infections?”

P: “Hx of experiencing mental health issues?

S: Check pt. Pupils (PERRLA) and/or FAST

How do you score a pt. with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Eyes:

4. Spontaneous 3. To Speech 2. To Pain 1. No response

Speech:

5. Alert & Oriented 4. Confused 3. Inappropriate 2. Incomprehensible 1. No Response

Motor:

6. Obeys Commands 5. Localizes Pain 4. Withdraws Pain 3. Decorticate 2. Decerebrate 1. No response