CHEMISTRY

________ contains protons and neutrons.

nucleus

________ are determined by atomic number of atoms.

Elements

One atom loses one or more electrons and becomes a _____, with a(n) ________.

cation; positive charge

matter is made up of _____.

atoms

proton

positive charge, 1 mass unit

neutron

neutral charge, 1 mass unit

electron

negative charge, low mass

atomic number is the number of _________.

protons

mass number is the number of _____ plus ______.

protons; neutrons

the electron cloud contains ______.

electrons

Isotopes: only _______ are different because number of protons determines the element

neutrons

atomic weights is the average of the mass number of the ________.

isotopes

Electrons determine the _________ of an atom

reactivity

The electron could contains ______, or energy levels that hold a maximum number of electrons

shells

Energy Levels: lower shells fill ______

first

Energy Levels: outermost shell is the _______ shell, and it determines bonding

valence

Another atom gains those same electrons and becomes an _____, with a _____ charge.

anion; negative

Ionic Bonds: _______ between the opposite ______ then draws the two ions together

attraction; charges

________ bonds is the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms

covalent

Covalent bonds: one _______ is donated by each atom to make the pair of electrons

electron

Covalent bonds: sharing one pair of electrons is a _______ covalent bond

single

Covalent bonds: sharing two pairs of electrons is a _______ covalent bond

double

Covalent bonds: sharing three pairs of electrons is a _______ covalent bond

triple

________ covalent bonds is the equal sharing of electrons because of equal pull for the electrons

nonpolar

______ covalent bonds is the unequal sharing of electrons because one atoms has a disproportionately strong pull on the electrons forming polar molecules- like water

polar

________ bonds are bonds between adjacent molecules, not atoms

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Bonds: involve slightly positive and slightly negative portions of _____ _____ being attracted to one another

polar molecules

Hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules cause ____ ______.

surface tension

Water is ______ of total body weight.

2/3

______ is water's ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution.

Solubility

_____ _____ capacity is water's ability to absorb and retain heat.

High heat

_______ is water's ability to moisten and reduce friction.

lubrication

_____ is the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

pH

________ pH is a balance of H+ and OH-

pH

pH of pure water

7.0

pH of human blood ranges from _____ to _____.

7.35 to 7.45

pH _____ than 7.0 is acidic.

lower

pH _____ than 7.0 is basic(or alkaline).

higher

More H+ ions mean _____ lower pH, less H+ ions mean _______ pH

lower; higher

________ molecules contain H, C, and usually O

organic

organic molecules are _______ bonded

covalently

carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _:_:_ ratio.

1:2:1

_________ are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, and galactose are _________.

monosaccharides

Glucose is the sugar in ______.

blood

Fructose is the sugar in ______.

fruits

Galactose is the sugar in ______.

milk

Disaccharides are two simple sugars condensed by _____ ______.

dehydration synthesis

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are all ________.

disaccharides

______ is table sugar (from sugar cane)

sucrose

glucose + fructose= _______

sucrose

maltose is malt sugar (from ____)

grains

glucose + glucose= ______

maltose

Lactose is the sugar in ____.

milk

Polysaccharides are glucose molecules condensed by _____ _______.

dehydration synthesis

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are ________.

polysaccharides

_____ is stored animal starch in liver and skeletal muscles

glycogen

____ is food for embryonic seeds(plants) or to store glucose

starch

______ is in plant cells walls and provides fiber in diet

cellulose

_____ are mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes

lipids

lipids are made mostly of ______ and ____ atoms.

carbon; hydrogen

____ ____ are long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid group (COOH) at one end

fatty acids

Fatty acids may be _____ or _____.

saturated; unsaturated

Saturated with hydrogen(__ _____) covalent bonds

no double

_______(one or more double bonds)

unsaturated

_______= one double bond

monounsaturated

______= two or more double bonds

polyunsaturated

______ - local hormones, short-chain fatty acids

prostaglandins

______- three fatty-acids tails attached to a glycerol molecule

triglycerides

Functions of triglyceride are it's an energy source, insulation, and ______.

protection

_____- four rings of cabon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups

steroids

types of steroids: ______ is a component of plasma (cell) membranes

cholesterol

types of steroids: _____ and _____ are sex hormones

estrogen; testosterone

types of steroids: _______ and calcitriol function in metabolic regulation

corticosteroids

types of steroids: ____ ____ are derived from steroids

bile salts

corticosteroids are __-_________

anti-inflammatory

____ makes bile

liver

_______ is a fatty acid, a phosphate group & a glycerol molecule

phospholipids

______ is a component of plasma (cell) membrane

phospholipids

_____ are the most abudnant and important organic molecules

proteins

Proteins contain basic elements _____.

CHON

Proteins basic building blocks are __ amino acids.

20

Seven major protein functions: Coordination + Control -_______: an example is _______

hormones; adrenaline(epinephrine)

Seven major protein functions: Defense- ________: they identify bacteria/virus then alert the white blood cells

antibodies

Seven major protein functions: Support- structural proteins: examples are _______(hair/nails) + _______(skin)

keratin; collagen

Seven major protein functions: Movement-contractile proteins: examples are ____(act thin) + _____(me me me)

actin; myosin

Seven major protein functions: Transport- transport(carrier) proteins: an example is _______

hemoglobin

Seven major protein functions: Buffering- regulation of ___

pH

Seven major protein functions: Metabolic Regulation- _______: examples include sucrase + lactase (add a to digest)

enzymes

Lipids provides 2x more _____ than protein

energy

Anything with ______ is probably a protein

nitrogen

protein structure is long chains of ____ acids

amino

Amino Acid Structure includes central ____ atom, hydrogen atom, amino group, ______ acid group, and variable side chain or "__" group

carbon; carboxylic; R

enzymes= ____

catalysts

Proteins lower the __________ is the change in shape due to heat or pH energy of a chemical reaction, and are specific - will only work on limited types of substrates

activation

_____ is the change in shape due to heat or pH

denaturation

____ acids store and process information at the molecular level

Nucleic

_________ Acid (DNA) determine inherited characteristics, directs protein synthesis, controls enzyme production, and controls metabolism

Deoxyribonucleic

_____ Acid (RNA) controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis

Ribonucleic

Structure of nucleotides: a sugar(______ or ribose), phosphate group, ______ base (A, G, T, C or U)

deoxyribose; nitrogenous